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Effects of Agricultural Pollutants on Stress Hormones and Viral Infection in Larval Salamanders

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A Correction to this article was published on 15 August 2020

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Abstract

Declines in amphibians are a global problem, influenced by complex local factors. While many factors contribute to these declines, much attention has been focused on the roles of contaminants and pathogens. Throughout eastern South Dakota, row-crop farming has contributed to habitat degradation for many amphibians, often through increases in environmental contaminants. For two years we visited four wetlands (two reference wetlands, two agricultural wetlands) to measure water-borne corticosterone (CORT) release rates and ranavirus in larval Western Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma mavortium). We found that both water-borne CORT release rates and ranavirus infection load were greater in larval salamanders from agricultural wetlands compared to reference wetlands. We also found that water-borne CORT release rates were greater in ranavirus-infected individuals compared to uninfected individuals and that water-borne CORT is positively correlated with ranavirus infection load. Though the causal relationships among contaminants, CORT, and ranavirus infection are difficult to determine, chronically elevated CORT is known to be immunosuppressive and may result in high infection loads. This study further describes the negative effects of crop production on amphibian health, provides the first evidence of ranavirus in South Dakota, and supports the use of water-borne CORT as a biomarker of amphibian population health in row-crop landscapes.

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Change history

  • 15 August 2020

    The original publication has been updated. A typographical error has been corrected and references have been updated.

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Acknowledgements

We thank A. Millikin and A. Koch for field assistance, United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and N. Hansen for permission to conduct research on Waterfowl Production Areas in the Madison Wetland Management District, C. Gabor for logistical insight, and both C. Heimerl and E. Dowd Stukel for continued support of our herpetological research program in the state. Fieldwork was conducted under an approved South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks (SDGFP) Scientific Collector’s Permit (2013_#3) issued to DRD and under an approved University of South Dakota (USD) IACUC protocol (#22-04-13-16C). Funding was provided, in part, by the USFWS Environmental Contaminants On-Refuge Program, a SDGFP State Wildlife Grant, an American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Gaige Award, a USD Research and Creative Activity Grant, and through support from the USD U. Discover Summer Scholarship. Helpful comments on this manuscript were provided by M. Dixon, J. Farkas, M. Jarchow, D. Swanson, J. Voyles, and two anonymous reviewers.

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  1. Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA

    Drew R. Davis, Katie J. Ferguson & Jacob L. Kerby

  2. School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 100 Marine Lab Drive, South Padre Island, TX, 78597, USA

    Drew R. Davis

  3. South Dakota Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 420 South Garfield Avenue, #400, Pierre, SD, 57501, USA

    Matthew S. Schwarz

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The original version of this article was revised: A typographical error has been corrected and references have been updated.

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Davis, D.R., Ferguson, K.J., Schwarz, M.S. et al. Effects of Agricultural Pollutants on Stress Hormones and Viral Infection in Larval Salamanders. Wetlands 40, 577–586 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-019-01207-1

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