Abstract
This study numerically and experimentally investigates the effects of wave loads on a monopile-type offshore wind turbine placed on a 1: 25 slope at different water depths as well as the effect of choosing different turbulence models on the efficiency of the numerical model. The numerical model adopts a two-phase flow by solving Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations using the Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method and three different k — ω turbulence models. Typical environmental conditions from the East China Sea are studied. The wave run-up and the wave loads applied on the monopile are investigated and compared with relevant experimental data as well as with mathematical predictions based on relevant theories. The numerical model is well validated against the experimental data at model scale. The use of different turbulence models results in different predictions on the wave height but less differences on the wave period. The baseline k — ω turbulence model and Shear-Stress Transport (SST) k — ω turbulence model exhibit better performance on the prediction of hydrodynamic load, at a model-scale water depth of 0.42 m, while the laminar model provides better results for large water depths. The SST k — ω turbulence model performs better in predicting wave run-up for water depth 0.42 m, while the laminar model and standard k — ω model perform better at water depth 0.52 m and 0.62 m, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ANSYS, 2017. ANSYS Fluent 19.0 User’s Guide, ANSYS, Canonsburg.
Bachynski, E., Thys, M. and Delhaye, V., 2019. Dynamic response of a monopile wind turbine in waves: experimental uncertainty analysis for validation of numerical tools, Applied Ocean Research, 89, 96–114.
Chakrabarti, S.K., 1994. Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering: Volume 9 Offshore Structure Modeling, World Scientific, London.
Devolder, B., Troch, P. and Rauwoens, P., 2018. Performance of a buoyancy-modified k-ω and k-ω SST turbulence model for simulating wave breaking under regular waves using OpenFOAM®, Coastal Engineering, 138, 49–65.
Faltinsen, O.M., Newman, J.N. and Vinje, T., 1995. Nonlinear wave loads on a slender vertical cylinder, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 289, 179–198.
Fenton, J.D., 1985. A fifth-order stokes theory for steady waves, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 111(2), 216–234.
GWEC, 2020. Global Offshore Wind Report 2020, Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), Brussels.
Jiang, Z.Y., Yttervik, R., Gao, Z. and Sandvik, P.C., 2020. Design, modelling, and analysis of a large floating dock for spar floating wind turbine installation, Marine Structures, 72, 102781.
Kristiansen, T. and Faltinsen, O.M., 2017. Higher harmonic wave loads on a vertical cylinder in finite water depth, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 833, 773–805.
Larsen, B.E. and Fuhrman, D.R., 2018. On the over-production of turbulence beneath surface waves in Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes models, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 853, 419–460.
Launder, B.E. and Spalding, D.B., 1972. Lectures in Mathematical Models of Turbulence, Academic Press, London.
Liu, S.N., Ong, M.C., Obhrai, C., Gatin, I. and Vukčević, V., 2020. Influences of free surface jump conditions and different k-ω; SST turbulence models on breaking wave modelling, Ocean Engineering, 217, 107746.
Menter, F.R., 1994. Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications, AIAA Journal, 32(8), 1598–1605.
Menter, F.R., 2009. Review of the shear-stress transport turbulence model experience from an industrial perspective, International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, 23(4), 305–316.
Moan, T., Gao, Z., Bachynski, E.E. and Nejad, A.R., 2020. Recent advances in integrated response analysis of floating wind turbines in a reliability perspective, Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 142(5), 052002.
Mockutė, A., Marino, E., Lugni, C. and Borri, C., 2019. Comparison of nonlinear wave-loading models on rigid cylinders in regular waves, Energies, 12(21), 4022.
Park, J.C., Kim, M.H. and Miyata, H., 1999. Fully non-linear free-surface simulations by a 3D viscous numerical wave tank, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 29(6), 685–703.
Ren, Z.R., Jiang, Z.Y., Skjetne, R. and Gao, Z., 2018. Development and application of a simulator for offshore wind turbine blades installation, Ocean Engineering, 166, 380–395.
Robertson, A.N., Wendt, F., Jonkman, J.M., Popko, W., Borg, M., Bredmose, H., Schlutter, F., Qvist, J., Bergua, R., Harries, R., Yde, A., Nygaard, T.A., De Vaal, J. B., Oggiano, L., Bozonnet, P., Bouy, L., Sanchez, C.B., García, R.G. Bachynski, E.E, Tu, Y. Bayati, I., Borisade, F., Shin, H., van der Zee, T. and Guerinel M., 2016. OC5 Project phase Ib: validation of hydrodynamic loading on a fixed, flexible cylinder for offshore wind applications, Energy Procedia, 94, 82–101.
Suja-Thauvin, L., Bachynski, E.E., Pierella, F., Borg, M., Krokstad, J.R. and Bredmose, H., 2020. Critical assessment of hydrodynamic load models for a monopile structure in finite water depth, Marine Structures, 72, 102743.
Tang, Y., Shi, W., Ning, D.Z., You, J.K. and Michailides, C., 2020. Effects of spilling and plunging type breaking waves acting on large monopile offshore wind turbines, Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 427.
Tang, Y., Shi, W., You, J.K. and Michailides, C., 2021. Effects of nonlinear wave loads on large monopile offshore wind turbines with and without ice-breaking cone configuration, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 26(1), 37–53.
Wilcox, D. C., 1998. Turbulence Modeling for CFD, second ed., DCW Industries, La Cãnada.
Zhang, L.X., Michailides, C., Wang, Y.P. and Shi, W., 2020b. Moderate water depth effects on the response of a floating wind turbine, Structures, 28, 1435–1448.
Zhang, L.X., Shi, W., Karimirad, M., Michailides, C. and Jiang, Z.Y., 2020a. Second-order hydrodynamic effects on the response of three semisubmersible floating offshore wind turbines, Ocean Engineering, 207, 107371.
Zwart, P.J., Godin, P.G., Penrose, J. and Rhee, S.H., 2007. Ship hull simulations with a coupled solution algorithm, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Practical Designs of Ships and Other Floating Structures, Houston.
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge the Supercomputer Center of Dalian University of Technology for providing computing resources.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Foundation item
This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52071058 and 51939002), partially supported by Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program (Grant No, XLYC1807208), and the Special Funds for Promoting High Quality Development from Department of Natural Resources of Guangdong Province (Grant No. GDNRC [2020]015).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zeng, Xm., Shi, W., Michailides, C. et al. Comparative Experimental and Numerical Study of Wave Loads on A Monopile Structure Using Different Turbulence Models. China Ocean Eng 35, 554–565 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13344-021-0050-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13344-021-0050-z