Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Environmental Justice Activism: A Transformative, Contemporary Nature Religion

  • Research Note
  • Published:
Review of Religious Research

Abstract

Our in-depth study of 12, spiritual but not religious (SBNR), participants arrested to protect nature as sacred presents a case to consider the religious and spiritual meanings of contemporary environmental and ecology movements. Through a lived religious approach to participants’ narratives of environmental justice (ENVJ) activism, this paper identified four themes—reconstructing self and nature, re-envisioning social and moral life, living with vulnerability, and practices of spiritual and cultural work—whose meanings evidenced transformative spiritual effects on participants identity, ethics, coping, and ways of participating in society. Findings present a case to argue that although ENVJ activism resembles a SBNR phenomenon and satisfies criteria of an implicit religion, it most closely aligns with a contemporary nature religion whose substantive essence is an immanent sense of nature as sacred.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Albanese, Catherine L. 1991. Nature religion in America. From the Algonkian Indians to the new age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman, Nancy T. 2013. Spiritual but not religious? Beyond binary choices in the study of religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 52: 258–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman, Nancy T. 2014. Finding Religion in Everyday Life. Sociology of Religion 75: 189–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, Edward. 1990. Implicit religion: An introduction. London: Middlesex University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartkowski, John P., and W.Scott Swearingen. 1997. God meets Gaia in Austin, Texas: A case study of environmentalism as implicit religion. Review of Religious Research 38: 308–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, Whitney A., and Richard R. Bohannon (eds.). 2017. Grounding religion: A field guide to the study of religion and ecology. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellah, Robert N., Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton. 2008. Habits of the heart, 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bender, Courtney. 2010. New metaphysicals: Spirituality and the American religious imagination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benthall, Jeremy. 2008. Returning to religion: Why a secular age is haunted by faith. London: I. B. Tauris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, Evan. 2015. Devoted to nature: The religious roots of American environmentalism. Oakland: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, Jon P. 1998. Alternative spirituality and environmentalism. Review of Religious Research 40: 55–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumer, Herbert. 1954. What is wrong with social theory? American Sociological Review 19: 3–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chidester, David. 1987. Patterns of action: Religion and ethics in comparative perspective. Belmont: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deal, Paul J., and Gina Magyar-Russell. 2018. Sanctification theory: Is nontheistic sanctification nontheistic enough? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 10: 244–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demerath III, N.J. 2000. The varieties of sacred experience: Finding the sacred in a secular grove. Journal of the Social Scientific Study of Religion 39: 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, Thomas. R. 2006. Environmentalism, a secular faith. Environmental Values 15: 321–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eliade, Mircea. 1987. The sacred and the profane: The nature of religion. New York: Harcourt Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, Robert. 2001. Spiritual but not religious: Understanding unchurched America. New York: Oxford University Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frazer, Sir James G. 1975. Worship of nature. Whitefish: Kessinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glacken, Clarence. 1967. Traces on the Rhodian shore: Nature and culture in western thought from ancient times to the end of the eighteenth century. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The interpretations of cultures. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, Anthony. 1994. Beyond left and right: The future of radical politics. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, Rebecca K. 2005. At home in nature: Modern homesteading and spiritual practice in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greeley, Andrew J. 1970. Religious intermarriage in a denominational society. American Journal of Sociology 75: 949–952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grim, John, Russel Powell, Matt T. Riley, Tara C. Trapani, and Mary E. Tucker. 2013. Religion and ecology. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heelas, Paul, and Linda Woodhead. 2005. The spiritual revolution: Why religion is giving way to spirituality. Malden: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Josselson, Ruthellen. 2004. The hermeneutics of faith and suspicion. Narrative Inquiry 14: 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasperek, Andrzej. 2017. Environmentalism and Duane Elgin’s concept of voluntary simplicity as examples of implicit esotericism. Implicit Religion 19: 507–524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leiserowitz, Anthony, Edward Maibach, Seth Rosenthal, John Kotcher, Matthew Ballew, Matthew Goldberg, and Abel Gustafson. 2018. Climate change in the American mind: December 2018. https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/climate-change-in-the-american-mind-december-2018/. Accessed 15 May 2019.

  • Lincoln, Yvonna S., Susan A. Lynham, and Egon Guba. 2017. Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences, revisited. In The Sage handbook of qualitative research, 5th ed, ed. Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln, 108–150. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAdams, Dan P., and Philip J. Bowman. 2001. Redemption and contamination. In Turns in the road: Narrative studies of lives in transition, ed. Dan McAdams, Ruthellen Josselson, and Anna Lieblich, 3–34. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCutcheon, Robert. 2003. The discipline of religion: Structure, meaning, rhetoric. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLean, Kate C., Monisha Pasupathi, and Jennifer L. Pals. 2007. Selves creating stories creating selves: A process model of self-development. Personality and Social Psychology Review 11: 262–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercadante, Linda A. 2014. Belief without borders: Inside the minds of the spiritual but not religious. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, Susan L. 2005. Quality and trustworthiness in qualitative research in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology 52: 250–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, Robert H. 2014. Calvinism without God: American environmentalism as implicit Calvinism. Implicit Religion 17: 249–273. https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.v17i3.249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, Michael Q. 2002. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2012. “Nones” on the rise: One in five adults have no religious affiliation. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. http://www.perforum.org/2012/10/09/nones-on-the-rise/. Accessed 15 May, 2019.

  • Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2017. More Americans now say they’re spiritual but not religious. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/06/more-americans-now-say-theyre-spiritual-but-not-religious/. Accessed 15 May 2019.

  • Proctor, James. 2006. Religion as trust in authority: Theocracy and ecology in the United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96: 188–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romney, Kimball. A., William Batchelder and Susan C. Weller. 1986. Culture as consensus: A theory of culture and informant accuracy. American Anthropologist 88: 13–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart, Ninian. 1999. Dimensions of the sacred: An anatomy of the world’s beliefs. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Huston. 2009. The world’s religions. New York: Harper One.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streib, Heinz, and W.Ralph Hood Jr. 2013. Modeling the religious field: Religion, spirituality, mysticism and related world views. Implicit Religion 16: 137–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taves, Ann. 2018. What is nonreligion? On the virtues of a meaning systems framework for studying nonreligious and religious worldviews in the context of everyday life. Secularism and Nonreligion 7: 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, Bron. 2005. Encyclopedia of religion and nature. New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, Bron. 2010. Dark green religion: Nature, spirituality, and the planetary future. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, Charles. 2007. A secular age. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, Dorceta E. 2000. The rise of the environmental justice paradigm: Injustice framing and the social construction of environmental discourses. American Behavioral Scientist 43: 508–580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, Gail. 2008. Nature-based spirituality in Cascadia: Prospects and pitfalls. In Cascadia: The elusive utopia: Exploring the spirit of the Pacific Northwest, ed. Douglas Todd, 241–263. Vancouver: Ronsdale Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worster, Donald. 1994. The wealth of nature: Environmental history and the ecological imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yinger, John M. 1970. The scientific study of religion. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul Deal.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Deal, P., O’Grady, K. Environmental Justice Activism: A Transformative, Contemporary Nature Religion. Rev Relig Res 62, 315–332 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-020-00409-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-020-00409-y

Keywords

Navigation