Abstract
Demand response (DR) programs are getting wide acceptance among consumers in different parts of the world, and many utility establishments are looking for adopting such programs to meet the growing electricity demand. This paper discusses major focus areas to be considered while planning for introducing direct load control (DLC), one of the popular DR programs, by various stakeholders around the world. One of today's most extensively employed qualitative analytical tools, content analysis, was used in this study. The systematic software-based content analysis procedure followed in this study can be used as a reference for conducting similar studies in any frontier of science. The implementation strategy of DLC around the world was analyzed, and information related to different parameters, such as benefits, challenges, type of load, channels for awareness/marketing, implementation requirements, evaluation methods, and reasons for failure, was discussed in detail. The results of this research have far-fetching implications in effective policy designs for integrated energy planning to implement appropriate projects for sustainable developments. Based on the results, a conditional analysis was carried out to explore the feasibility of introducing DLC in Kuwait, which is one of the highest per capita electricity consuming countries in the world. Two widely used loads, such as air-conditioning units and water heaters, are identified as suitable loads for targeting DLC in Kuwait. These two loads account for a load share of 83% in the residential sector, which consumes 60% of electricity produced in the country. An action plan for implementing the suggested program for a pilot project also presented.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Strbac, G.: Demand side management: benefits and challenges. Energy Policy 36, 4419–4426 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.030
Yang, M.: Demand side management in Nepal. Energy 31, 2341–2362 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2005.12.008
Saravanan, B.: DSM in an area consisting of residential, commercial and industrial load in smart grid. Front. Energy 9, 211–216 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-015-0351-0
Warren, P.: A review of demand-side management policy in the UK. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 29, 941–951 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.09.009
Müller, D., Monti, A., Stinner, S., Schlösser, T., Schütz, T., Matthes, P., et al.: Demand side management for city districts. Build. Environ. 91, 283–293 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.03.026
Energy Information Administration: U.S. Electric Utility Demand-Side Management 1994, vol. 0589 (1995)
Smith, C., Parmenter, K.: Energy Management Principles Applications, Benefits, Savings, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2015). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3267640
Energy Information Administration: Electric Utility Demand-Side Management 2000 2002;DOE/EIA-05:17
Alasseri, R., Rao, T.J., Sreekanth, K.J.: Conceptual framework for introducing incentive-based demand response programs for retail electricity markets. Energy Strateg. Rev. 19, 44–62 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2017.12.001
Behrangrad, M.: A review of demand side management business models in the electricity market. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 47, 270–283 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.033
Eissa, M.M.: Demand side management program evaluation based on industrial and commercial field data. Energy Policy 39, 5961–5969 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.057
Akinbulire, T.O., Oluseyi, P.O., Babatunde, O.M.: Techno-economic and environmental evaluation of demand side management techniques for rural electrification in Ibadan, Nigeria. Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng. 5, 375–385 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-014-0132-2
Khan, I.: Energy-saving behaviour as a demand-side management strategy in the developing world: the case of Bangladesh. Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng. 10, 493–510 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-019-0302-3
Kakran, S., Chanana, S.: Operation management of a renewable microgrid supplying to a residential community under the effect of incentive-based demand response program. Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng. 10, 121–135 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-018-0286-4
Wood, M., Alsayegh, O.A.: Impact of oil prices, economic diversification policies and energy conservation programs on the electricity and water demands in Kuwait. Energy Policy 66, 144–156 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.061
Mehrara, M.: Energy consumption and economic growth: the case of oil exporting countries. Energy Policy 35, 2939–2945 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.10.018
Alasseri, R., Tripathi, A., Rao, T.J., Sreekanth, K.J.: A review on implementation strategies for demand side management (DSM ) in Kuwait through incentive-based demand response programs. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 77, 617–635 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.023
Alasseri, R., Rao, T.J., Sreekanth, K.J.: Institution of incentive-based demand response programs and prospective policy assessments for a subsidized electricity market. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 117, 109490 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109490
Gils, H.C.: Assessment of the theoretical demand response potential in Europe. Energy 67, 1–18 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.019
Hibbard, P.J., Okie, A.M., Darling, P.G.: Markets: reliability, dispatch. Electr. J. 25, 1–11 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2012.10.010
Van, H.K., Gross, G.: Demand response resources are not all they’re made out to be: the payback effects severely reduce the reported DRR economic and emission benefit. Electr. J. 26, 86–97 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2013.07.008
Earle, R., Kahn, E.P., Macan, E.: Measuring the capacity impacts of demand response. Electr. J. 22(6), 47–58 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2009.05.014
Falk, J.: Paying for demand-side response at the wholesale level. Electr J 23, 13–18 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2010.10.001
Walawalkar, R., Fernands, S., Thakur, N., Chevva, K.R.: Evolution and current status of demand response (DR) in electricity markets: insights from PJM and NYISO. Energy 35, 1553–1560 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.09.017
Feuerriegel, S., Neumann, D.: Measuring the financial impact of demand response for electricity retailers. Energy Policy 65, 359–368 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.012
Faria, P., Vale, Z.: Demand response in electrical energy supply: an optimal real time pricing approach. Energy 36, 5374–5384 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.06.049
Koliou, E., Bartusch, C., Picciariello, A., Eklund, T., Söder, L., Hakvoort, R.A.: Quantifying distribution-system operators’ economic incentives to promote residential demand response. Util. Policy 35, 28–40 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2015.07.001
Kim, J.H., Shcherbakova, A.: Common failures of demand response. Energy 36, 873–880 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.12.027
Lujano-Rojas, J.M., Monteiro, C., Dufo-López, R., Bernal-Agustín, J.L.: Optimum residential load management strategy for real time pricing (RTP) demand response programs. Energy Policy 45, 671–679 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.019
Li, X.H., Hong, S.H.: User-expected price-based demand response algorithm for a home-to-grid system. Energy 64, 437–449 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.11.049
Barbato, A., Capone, A., Chen, L., Martignon, F., Paris, S.: A distributed demand-side management framework for the smart grid. Comput. Commun. 57, 13–24 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2014.11.001
Zibelman, A., Krapels, E.N.: Deployment of demand response as a real-time resource in organized markets. Electr. J. 21, 51–56 (2008)
Hong, S.H., Yu, M., Huang, X.: A real-time demand response algorithm for heterogeneous devices in buildings and homes. Energy 80, 123–132 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.11.053
Arun, S.L., Selvan, M.P.: Smart residential energy management system for demand response in buildings with energy storage devices. Front. Energy (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-018-0538-2
Oconnell, N., Pinson, P., Madsen, H.: Benefits and challenges of electrical demand response: a critical review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 39, 686–699 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.098
Rejc, ŽB., Čepin, M.: Estimating the additional operating reserve in power systems with installed renewable energy sources. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 62, 654–664 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.05.019
Zhang, F., De Dear, R.: Thermal environments and thermal comfort impacts of direct load control air-conditioning strategies in university lecture theatres. Energy Build. 86, 233–242 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.10.008
Zhang, F., de Dear, R.: Application of Taguchi method in optimising thermal comfort and cognitive performance during direct load control events. Build. Environ. 111, 160–168 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.012
Zhang, F., de Dear, R., Candido, C.: Thermal comfort during temperature cycles induced by direct load control strategies of peak electricity demand management. Build. Environ. 103, 9–20 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.03.020
Wang, S., Tang, R.: Supply-based feedback control strategy of air-conditioning systems for direct load control of buildings responding to urgent requests of smart grids. Appl. Energy 201, 419–432 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.10.067
Tang, R., Wang, S., Yan, C.: A direct load control strategy of centralized air-conditioning systems for building fast demand response to urgent requests of smart grids. Autom. Constr. 87, 74–83 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.12.012
Goel, L., Wu, Q., Wang, P.: Fuzzy logic-based direct load control of air conditioning loads considering nodal reliability characteristics in restructured power systems. Electr Power Syst. Res. 80, 98–107 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2009.08.009
Shad, M., Momeni, A., Errouissi, R.: Identification and estimation for electric water heaters in direct load control programs. Smart Grid 8, 947–955 (2015)
Zhang, C., Xu, Y., Dong, Z.Y., Ma, J.: Robust operation of microgrids via two-stage coordinated energy storage and direct load control. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 32, 2858–2868 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2627583
Stenner, K., Frederiks, E.R., Hobman, E.V., Cook, S.: Willingness to participate in direct load control: the role of consumer distrust. Appl. Energy 189, 76–88 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.10.099
Battegay, A., Hadj-Said, N., Roupioz, G., Lhote, F., Chambris, E., Boeda, D., et al.: Impacts of direct load control on reinforcement costs in distribution networks. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 120, 70–79 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2014.09.012
Lang, C., Okwelum, E.: The mitigating effect of strategic behavior on the net benefits of a direct load control program. Energy Econ. 49, 141–148 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.01.025
Evora, J., Hernandez, J.J., Hernandez, M.: A MOPSO method for direct load control in smart grid. Expert Syst. Appl. 42, 7456–7465 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2015.05.056
Hsieh, H.F., Shannon, S.E.: Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual. Health Res. 15, 1277–1288 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Krippendorff, K.H.: Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology, vol. 79, 2nd edn. Sage Publications, California (2012)
Ang, C.K., Embi, M.A., Yunus, M.M.: Enhancing the quality of the findings of a longitudinal case study: reviewing trustworthiness via ATLAS.ti enhancing the quality of the findings of a longitudinal case study. Qual. Rep. 21, 1855–1867 (2016)
Bowen, G.A.: Preparing a qualitative research-based dissertation: lessons learned. Qual. Rep. 10, 208–222 (2005)
Creswell, J.W.: Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 3rd edn. SAGE Publications, Inc, California (2009)
Franzosi, R., Doyle, S., McClelland, L.E., Putnam Rankin, C., Vicari, S.: Quantitative narrative analysis software options compared: PC-ACE and CAQDAS (ATLAS.ti, MAXqda, and NVivo). Qual. Quant. 47, 3219–3247 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-012-9714-3
Smit, B.: Atlas.ti for qualitative data analysis. Perspect. Educ. 20, 65–76 (2002)
Woods, M., Macklin, R., Lewis, G.: How has computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software affected qualitative research? In: Qualitative Report Fourth Annual Conference (2013)
Gibson, W., Callery, P., Campbell, M., Hall, A., Richards, D.: The digital revolution in qualitative research: working with digital audio data through Atlas.Ti. Sociol. Res. Online 10, 12 (2004). https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.1044
Goulden, M., Bedwell, B., Rennick-Egglestone, S., Rodden, T., Spence, A.: Smart grids, smart users? The role of the user in demand side management. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 2, 21–29 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2014.04.008
Rahill, G.J., Joshi, M., Lescano, C., Holbert, D.: Symptoms of PTSD in a sample of female victims of sexual violence in post-earthquake Haiti. J. Affect. Disord. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.067
Sanders, C., Rogers, A., Bowen, R., Bower, P., Hirani, S., Cartwright, M., et al.: Exploring barriers to participation and adoption of telehealth and telecare within the Whole System Demonstrator trial: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv. Res. 12, 220 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-220
Smit, B.: Atlas.ti for quality in qualitative research: a CAQDAS project. Educ. Chang. 6, 130–145 (2003)
Smith, J., Frith, J.: Qualitative data analysis: the framework approach. Nurse Res. 18, 52–63 (2011). https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2011.01.18.2.52.c8284
Ducharme, D.: Using ATLAS.ti for content analysis. War Gaming. United States Naval War College (2014). Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/358828621/Article-ATLASti-for-Content-Analysis
Neuendorf, K.A.: The Content Analysis Guidebook, 2nd edn. SAGE Publications Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (2017). https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802878
Friese, S.: Qualitative data analysis with ATLAS.ti, vol. 1. Sage (2012)
Ellsworth-Krebs, K., Reid, L., Hunter, C.J.: Home -ing in on domestic energy research: “house”, “home”, and the importance of ontology. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 6, 100–108 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2014.12.003
Rockey Mountain Power: Air conditioner direct load control program (A/C-DLC) (Cool Keeper Program). https://www.rockymountainpower.net/content/dam/rocky_mountain_power/doc/About_Us/Rates_and_Regulation/Utah/Approved_Tariffs/Rate_Schedules/Air_Conditioner_Direct_Load_Control_Program_A_C_DLC_Cool_Keeper_Program.pdf (2014). Accessed 24 May 2016
KEMA. Comparison of California investor-owned-utility (IOU) direct load control (DLC) programs. http://www.calmac.org/publications/Final_report_for_California_DLC_Program_Comparison.pdf (2010). Accessed 14 May 2016
Faruqui, A.: Direct load control of residential air conditioners in Texas. 2012.
RLW Analytics: Deemed savings estimates for legacy air conditioning and water heating direct load control programs in PJM region. 2007.
Gomes, A., Antunes, C.H., Oliveira, E.: Direct load control in the perspective of an electricity retailer—a multi-objective evolutionary approach. Soft Comput. Ind. Appl. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20505-7
Crossley, D.: ETSA Utilities air conditioner direct load control program—Australia 1–16. http://www.ieadsm.org/article/etsa-utilities-air-conditioner-direct-load-control-programe/ (2016). Accessed 14 May 2016
Hoeve, M.: Direct Load Control for Electricity Supply and Demand Matching: Increasing Reliability of Wind Energy? Lund University, Lund (2009)
Wisconsin Public Service. Contracted direct load control (CDLC) 2–3. http://www.wisconsinpublicservice.com/business/cdlc.aspx (2012). Accessed 15 May 2016
Troutfetter, R.F.: Market potential study for water heater demand management. https://www.metering.com/market-potential-study-for-residential-water-heater-demand-management/ (2008). Accessed 24 May 2016
Satchwell, A., Hledik, R.: Analytical frameworks to incorporate demand response in long-term resource planning. Util. Policy 28, 73–81 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2013.12.003
Eid, C., Koliou, E., Valles, M., Reneses, J., Hakvoort, R.: Time-based pricing and electricity demand response: Existing barriers and next steps. Util. Policy 40, 15–25 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2016.04.001
Mark Miner. Neural Energy Consulting: March 2011. http://www.neuralenergy.info/2011_03_01_archive.html (2011). Accessed 12 May 2016
Fell, M.J., Shipworth, D., Huebner, G.M., Elwell, C.A.: Public acceptability of domestic demand-side response in Great Britain: the role of automation and direct load control. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 9, 72–84 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.08.023
Katz, J.: Linking meters and markets: roles and incentives to support a flexible demand side. Util. Policy 31, 74–84 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2014.08.003
Wu, Q., Wang, P., Goel, L.: Direct load control (DLC) considering nodal interrupted energy assessment rate (NIEAR) in restructured power systems. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 25, 1449–1456 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2038920
Stadler, I.: Power grid balancing of energy systems with high renewable energy penetration by demand response. Util. Policy 16, 90–98 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2007.11.006
Pathak, L., Shah, K.: Renewable energy resources, policies and gaps in BRICS countries and the global impact. Front. Energy (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-018-0601-z
Magazzino, C.: Electricity demand, GDP and employment: evidence from Italy. Front. Energy 8, 31–40 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-014-0296-8
Kuzemko, C., Lockwood, M., Mitchell, C., Hoggett, R.: Governing for sustainable energy system change: politics, contexts and contingency. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 12, 96–105 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.12.022
Charlie, H.: Engaging utility customers with direct load control|intelligent utility. http://ec.ec.webenabled.net/blog/15/06/engaging-utility-customers-direct-load-control (2015). Accessed 25 May 2016
Horowitz, S., Mauch, B., Sowell, F.: Forecasting For Direct Load Control In Energy Markets 1–29 (2013). Retrieved from http://fsowell.tepper.cmu.edu/Papers/Forecasting_DLC.pdf
Molina, A., Gabaldon, A., Fuentes, J.A., Canovas, F.J.: Approach to multivariable predictive control applications in residential HVAC direct load control. In: 2000 IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting Conference Proceedings, vol. 1–4, pp. 1811–1816 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1109/PESS.2000.868809
Heber Weller, G.: New wave of direct load control update on DLC systems, technology. http://www.elp.com/articles/powergrid_international/print/volume-16/issue-7/features/new-wave-of-direct-load-control-update-on-dlc-systems-technology.html (2011). Accessed 1 June 2016
Warren, P.: The use of systematic reviews to analyse demand-side management policy. Energy Effic. (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-013-9230-x
Pedrasa, M.A.A., Oro, M.M., Reyes, N.C.R., Pedrasa, J.R.I.: Demonstration of direct load control of air conditioners in high density residential buildings. IEEE Innov. Smart Grid Technol. Asia (ISGT ASIA) 2014, 400–405 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2014.6873825
Silver Spring Networks: The Business Case for DLC Replacement. http://www.silverspringnet.com/wp-content/uploads/SilverSpring-Whitepaper-BizCaseForReplacingLoadControlSwitches.pdf (2013). Accessed 26 May 2016
Vesnic-Alujevic, L., Breitegger, M., Pereira, Â.G.: What smart grids tell about innovation narratives in the European Union: hopes, imaginaries and policy. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 12, 16–26 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.11.011
Cambini, C., Meletiou, A., Bompard, E., Masera, M.: Market and regulatory factors influencing smart-grid investment in Europe: evidence from pilot projects and implications for reform. Util. Policy 40, 36–47 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2016.03.003
Popovic, Z.: Determination of optimal direct load control strategy using linear programming. In: Proceedings of CIRED (1999)
Maki, S., Ashina, S., Fujii, M., Fujita, T., Yabe, N., Uchida, K., et al.: Employing electricity-consumption monitoring systems and integrative time-series analysis models: a case study in Bogor, Indonesia. Front. Energy 12, 426–439 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-018-0560-4
Zhang, H., Zhang, C., Wen, F., Xu, Y.: A comprehensive energy solution for households employing a micro combined cooling, heating and power generation system. Front. Energy 12, 582–590 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-018-0592-9
Southern California Edison: Domestic Summer Discount Plan 2014. https://www.sce.com/NR/sc3/tm2/pdf/ce342.pdf (2016). Accessed 11 June 2016
He, X., Keyaerts, N., Azevedo, I., Meeus, L., Hancher, L., Glachant, J.M.: How to engage consumers in demand response: A contract perspective. Util. Policy 27, 108–122 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2013.10.001
Lee, S.S., Lee, H.C., Yoo, T.H., Kwon, H.G., Park, J.K., Yoon, Y.T.: Demand response operation rules based on reliability for South Korean power system. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meet. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2011.6039101
Alsayegh, O., Saker, N., Alqattan, A.: Integrating sustainable energy strategy with the second development plan of Kuwait. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 82, 3430–3440 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.048
Borlick, R.: Paying for demand-side response at the wholesale level: the small consumers’ perspective. Electr. J. 24(9), 8–19 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2011.10.012
Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW): Statistical year book (electrical energy). Kuwait: 2013.
Gelan, A.: Economic and environmental impacts of electricity subsidy reform in Kuwait: a general equilibrium analysis. Energy Policy 112, 381–398 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2017.10.032
Nanda, A.K., Panigrahi, C.K.: A state-of-the-art review of solar passive building system for heating or cooling purpose. Front. Energy 10, 347–354 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-016-0403-0
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research: KISR. Kuwait Energy Outlook, Kuwait (2019)
Ramadhan, M., Naseeb, A.: The cost benefit analysis of implementing photovoltaic solar system in the state of Kuwait. Renew. Energy 36, 1272–1276 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.10.004
Mahmoud, M.A., Alajmi, A.F.: Quantitative assessment of energy conservation due to public awareness campaigns using neural networks. Appl. Energy 87, 220–228 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.03.020
Ali, M., Iqbal, M.J., Sharif, M.: Relationship between extreme temperature and electricity demand in Pakistan. Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng. 4, 1–7 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/2251-6832-4-36
Areas of Kuwait—Wikipedia n.d.: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_of_Kuwait (2020). Accessed 7 Dec 2020
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alasseri, R., Rao, T.J. & Sreekanth, K.J. Pre-implementation assessment for introducing direct load control strategies in the residential electricity sector. Int J Energy Environ Eng 12, 433–451 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-020-00378-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-020-00378-6