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Protective and therapeutic effects of Scutellaria baicalensis and its main active ingredients baicalin and baicalein against natural toxicities and physical hazards: a review of mechanisms

  • Review article
  • Published:
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Abstract

Objectives

Scutellaria baicalensis (SB) has been traditionally used to combat a variety of conditions ranging from ischemic heart disease to cancer. The protective effects of SB are due to the action of two main flavonoids baicalin (BA) and baicalein (BE). This paper aimed to provide a narrative review of the protective and antidotal effects of SB and its main constituents against natural toxicities and physical hazards.

Evidence acquisition

Scientific databases Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science were thoroughly searched, based on different keywords for in vivo, in vitro and clinical studies which reported protective or therapeutic effects of SB or its constituents in natural and physical toxicities.

Results

Numerous studies have reported that treatment with BE, BA, or total SB extract prevents or counteracts the detrimental toxic effects of various natural compounds and physical hazards. The toxic agents include mycotoxins, lipopolysaccharide, multiple plants and animal-derived substances as well as physical factors which negatively affected vital organs such as CNS, liver, kidneys, lung and heart. Increasing the expression of radical scavenging enzymes and glutathione content as well as inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-apoptotic mediators were important mechanisms of action.

Conclusion

Different studies on the Chinese skullcap have exhibited that its total root extract, BA or BE can act as potential antidotes or protective agents against the damage induced by natural toxins and physical factors by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation. However, the scarcity of high-quality clinical evidence means that further clinical studies are required to reach a more definitive conclusion.

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Data availability

Data sharing not applicable – no new data generated.

Abbreviations

AA:

aristolochic acid

AFB1 :

aflatoxin B1

Akt:

protein kinase B

AMA:

antimycin A

BA:

baicalin

BE:

baicalein

CAT:

catalase

Con A:

concanavalin A

COX-2:

cyclooxygenase-2

DON:

deoxynivalenol

ERK:

extracellular signal-regulated kinase

Hla:

α-hemolysin

HO-1:

heme oxygenase-1

HSP:

heat shock protein

IL:

interleukin

iNOS:

inducible nitric oxide synthase

LPS:

lipopolysaccharide;

MAPK:

mitogen-activated protein kinase

MCT:

monocrotaline

MDA:

malondialdehyde

MMP:

matrix metalloproteinase

mTOR:

mammalian target of rapamycin

NF-κB:

nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

NLRP3:

(NOD)-like receptor protein 3

NO:

nitric oxide

Nrf2:

nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

OA:

okadaic acid

PGE2 :

prostaglandin E2

PI3K:

phosphoinositide 3-kinase

PP:

protein phosphatase

PVL:

Panton-Valentine leukocidin

RIP:

ribosome-inactivation protein

ROS:

radical oxygen species

SB:

Scutellatia baicalensis

SBE:

Scutellatia baicalensis extract

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

Stxs:

shiga-like toxins

TCM:

traditional chinese medicine

TLR:

toll-like receptor

TNF-α:

tumor necrosis factor-α

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Ali Ahmadi & Zoha Mortazavi

  2. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Soghra Mehri & Hossein Hosseinzadeh

  3. Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Soghra Mehri & Hossein Hosseinzadeh

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  1. Ali Ahmadi
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  2. Zoha Mortazavi
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  3. Soghra Mehri
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  4. Hossein Hosseinzadeh
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Conceptualization: Hossein Hosseinzadeh; Literature research and data analysis: Ali Ahmadi, Zoha Mortazavi; Writing (original draft preparation and graphic design): Ali Ahamdi; Writing (review and editing): Hossein Hosseinzadeh, Soghra Mehri, Ali Ahamdi.

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Ahmadi, A., Mortazavi, Z., Mehri, S. et al. Protective and therapeutic effects of Scutellaria baicalensis and its main active ingredients baicalin and baicalein against natural toxicities and physical hazards: a review of mechanisms. DARU J Pharm Sci 30, 351–366 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-022-00443-x

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