Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Effect of Gratitude Educational Intervention on Well-Being Indicators Among North Indian Adolescents

  • Published:
Contemporary School Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The aim of the present paper was to study the impact of a gratitude building intervention on adolescents’ gratitude and well-being indicators. The sample comprised 177 students aged 11–14 years (M Age = 12.29 years, SD = 0.67, 58 % male) attending two schools in North India. Using quasi-experimental design, participating classrooms from both schools were randomly allocated to intervention group (n = 95) or control group (n = 82). Participants completed an assessment battery comprising measures of well-being, positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, gratitude and cognition of benefit-appraisal at pre-test and post-test. Intervention group attended 30-min-long weekly sessions based on the gratitude curriculum (Froh et al. School Psychology Review, 132–152, 2014) for five consecutive weeks while control group attended neutral sessions for the same duration. Analysis of covariance was used to examine the differences between the intervention and control groups at post-test. Results suggested significant intervention effects on psychological well-being, positive affect, positive feelings, life satisfaction and gratitude. The cascading effect of gratitude was also observed. Overall findings rendered favourable evidence for Froh et al.’s (School Psychology Review, 132–152, 2014) gratitude intervention among North Indian adolescents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Algoe, S. B., Haidt, J., & Gable, S. L. (2008). Beyond reciprocity: gratitude and relationships in everyday life. Emotion, 8, 425–429.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, M. Y., & DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behaviour: helping when it costs you. Psychological Science, 17, 319–325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bharath, S., & Kumar, K. (2010). Empowering adolescents with life skills education in schools—school mental health program: does it work? Indian Journal Of Psychiatry, 52(4), 344–349. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.74310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bono, G., Froh, J.J., Emmons, R.A., & Card, N. (2013). The benefits of gratitude to adolescent development: longitudinal models of gratitude, well-being and prosocial behavior. In G. Bono (chair), Promoting gratitude as a skill for building positive connections between adolescents and society. Symposium at the Society for Research on Child Development, Seattle, WA.

  • Bono, G., Froh, J. J., & Forrett, R. (2014). Gratitude in school: benefits to students and schools. In M. Furlong, R. Gilman, & E. S. Huebner (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology in schools (2nd ed., pp. 67–81). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, D. (2010). Gratitude, gratitude intervention and subjective well‐being among Chinese school teachers in Hong Kong. Educational Psychology, 30(2), 139–153. doi:10.1080/01443410903493934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, R. (2003). Encyclopaedia of education in South Asia (2nd ed., p. 162). New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, S., Woolfson, L., & Durkin, K. (2013). Effects on coping skills and anxiety of a universal school-based mental health intervention delivered in Scottish primary schools. School Psychology International, 35(1), 85–100. doi:10.1177/0143034312469157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., et al. (2010). New well-being measures: short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durlak, J., Weissberg, R., Dymnicki, A., Taylor, R., & Schellinger, K. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: a meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405–432. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebesutani, C., Okamura, K., Higa-McMillan, C., & Chorpita, B. (2011). “A psychometric analysis of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children-Parent Version in a school sample”: correction to Ebesutani et al. (2011). Psychological Assessment, 23(4), 969. doi:10.1037/a0026420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. (2013). Gratitude works! New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: an empirical investigation of gratitude and subjective wellbeing in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fatusi, A. O., & Hindin, M. J. (2010). Adolescents and youth in developing countries: health and development issues in context. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 499–508.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Gratitude, like other positive emotions, broadens and builds. In R. A. Emmons & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), The psychology of gratitude (pp. 145–166). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Froh, J. J., & Bono, G. (2012). Gratitude in adolescence: an understudied virtue. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Adolescence. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Froh, J. J., Miller, D. N., & Snyder, S. (2007). Gratitude in children and adolescents: development, assessment, and school-based intervention. School Psychology Forum, 2, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Froh, J. J., Sefick, W. J., & Emmons, R. A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: an experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 213–233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Froh, J. J., Yurkewicz, C., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Gratitude and subjective well-being in early adolescence: examining gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 633–650.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Froh, J. J., Bono, G., & Emmons, R. A. (2010). Being grateful is beyond good manners: gratitude and motivation to contribute to society among early adolescents. Motivation and Emotion, 34, 144–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Froh, J.J., Bono, G., Fan, J., Emmons, R.A., Henderson, K., Harris, C., Leggio, H., & Wood, A. (2014). Nice thinking! An educational intervention that teaches children how to think gratefully [Special Issue: Theoretical Frameworks in School Psychology Intervention Research: Interdisciplinary Perspectives and Future Directions]. School Psychology Review, 132–152.

  • Garver, M. S., & Mentzer, J. T. (1999). Logistics research methods: employing structural equation modeling to test for construct validity. Journal of Business Logistics, 20(1), 33–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geuens, M., & Pelsmacker, P. D. (2002). Validity and reliability of scores on the reduced emotional intensity scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62(2), 299–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, A. K., Musher-Eizenman, D. R., Holub, S. C., & Dalrymple, J. (2004). What are children thankful for? An archival analysis of gratitude before and after the attacks of September 11. Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 541–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L. (2011). The impact of gratitude on health and well-being. Retrieved on August 14, 2012 from http://lisakifttherapy.com/mental-health/the-impact-of-gratitude-on-health-and-well-being-by-linda-graham-mft/

  • Hasemeyer, M.D. (2013). The relationship between gratitude and psychological, social, and academic functioning in middle adolescence (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4688/.

  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modelling, 6, 1–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61, 121–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2005). Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 539–548.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2007). Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: a complementary strategy for improving national mental health. American Psychologist, 62, 95–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khanna, P., & Singh, K. (2014). Perceived effectiveness of positive psychology intervention programs among North Indian school students. International Research Journal of Human Resources and Social Sciences, 1(7), 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V., & Talwar, R. (2014). Determinants of psychological stress and suicidal behavior in Indian adolescents: a literature review. Journal of Indian Association of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 10(1), 47–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S. J., Joiner, T. E., Rudolph, K. D., Potter, K. I., Lambert, S., Osborne, L., & Gathright, T. (1999). A measure of positive and negative affect for children: scale development and preliminary validation. Psychological Assessment, 11, 326–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Layous, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). Benefits, mechanisms, and new directions for teaching gratitude to children. School Psychology Review, 43(2), 153–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Layous, K., Chancellor, J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). Positive activities as protective factors against mental health conditions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123, 3–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lomas, T., Froh, J. J., Emmons, R. A., & Mishra, A. (2014). Gratitude interventions: a review and future agenda. In A. Parks & S. M. Schueller (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychological interventions (pp. 3–19). Maiden: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modelling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 249–266.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: a conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112–127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Council of Educational Research and Training (2015) About Adolescence Education Programme. http://www.aeparc.org/aboutaep. Accessed 20 September 2015.

  • Ouweneel, E., Le Blanc, P. M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2014). On being grateful and kind: results of two randomized controlled trials on study-related emotions and academic engagement. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 148(1), 37–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, N. (2009). Building strengths of character: keys to positive youth development. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 18(2), 42–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60, 410–421.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seligson, J. L., Huebner, E. S., & Valois, R. F. (2003). Preliminary validation of the brief multidimensional students’ life satisfaction scale. Social Indicators Research, 61, 121–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligson, J. L., Huebner, E. S., & Valois, R. F. (2005). An investigation of a brief life satisfaction scale with elementary school children. Social Indicators Research, 73, 355–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, G., & Zhu, W. (2008). The intervention of gratitude and subjective well-being for junior middle school students [Abstract]. Psychological Exploration, Retrieved from http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-OXLY200803010.htm

  • Singh, K. (2014). Relationship of demographic variables, socio-cultural issues and selected psychological constructs with the positive mental health of north Indian adolescents. ICMR Project Report.

  • Singh, A., & Misra, G. (2012). Adolescent lifestyle in India: prevalence of risk and promotive factors of health. Psychology & Developing Societies, 24(2), 145–160. doi:10.1177/097133361202400203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sridhar, K. K. (1991). Bilingual education in India. In O. Garcia (Ed.), Focus on bilingual education: essays in honour of Joshua A. Fishman (pp. 89–102). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). New York: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tesser, A., Gatewood, R., & Driver, M. (1968). Some determinants of gratitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 233–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, J. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behaviour: an experimental test of gratitude. Cognition & Emotion, 20, 138–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, J. (2007). Gratitude for small and large favors: a behavioural test. Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 157–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Children’s Fund (2012). Progress for children—a report card on adolescents. http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Progress_for_Children__No._10_EN_04 232012.pdf. Accessed 6 February 2015.

  • Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. D. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: the development of a measure of gratitude and its relationship with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 431–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). A social-cognitive model of trait and state levels of gratitude. Emotion, 8, 281–290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. Froh and colleagues for permitting the use of their cutting-edge gratitude curriculum in Indian classrooms. The first author extends special thanks to Dr. Giacomo Bono (California State University) for his generous support and guidance regarding the gratitude intervention.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pulkit Khanna.

Ethics declarations

Funding

The authors declare that this study received no funding from any source.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest, mutually or with any other party/institution whatsoever.

Ethical Approval

This study complied with all ethical requirements. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Since participants were below 18 years of age, parental consent was also obtained. Consent from school authorities was also taken prior to the research. Further, participation was voluntary and participants were free to withdraw from the research at any stage.

As already stated above, informed consent was taken from all participants.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Khanna, P., Singh, K. Effect of Gratitude Educational Intervention on Well-Being Indicators Among North Indian Adolescents. Contemp School Psychol 20, 305–314 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40688-016-0087-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40688-016-0087-9

Keywords

Navigation