Abstract
The paper presents a practical solution for upgrading the basement depth of a high-rise building in Ho Chi Minh (HCM) City, Vietnam. Finite element analysis, Plaxis 2D, was employed to simulate the construction site with two different kinds of walls, namely the diaphragm walls (DW) and the secant piles walls (SPW). In the project, SPW was installed next to the existing DW from the basement line, and further deep excavation could be proceeded . FEA results of the lateral deformation of DW and SPW as well as the ground surface settlement were compared with field observations. The comparison shows a good agreement between the numerical work and the field monitoring data. The overlapping lengths between two types of the wall were also investigated for design optimization. The current study can be used for future design projects under similar scenario.
Data and material availability
The data and materials in this paper are available.
References
Altuntas C, Deo P, Poeppel AR (2009) Secant pile wall design and construction in Manhattan, New York. In: Contemporary Topics in Ground Modification, Problem Soils, and Geo-Support. pp 105–112
Cetin D (2016) Performance of soilnailed and anchored walls based on fieldmonitoring data in different soil conditions in Istanbul. Acta Geotech Slov 13(1):49–63
Chai J, Ni J, Ding W, Qiao Y, Lu X (2021) Deep excavation in under-consolidated clayey deposit. Undergr Space 6(4):455–468
Clough GW (1990) Construction induced movements of in situ walls. In: Design and performance of earth retaining structures. pp 439–470
Finno RJ, Atmatzidis DK, Perkins SB (1989) Observed performance of a deep excavation in clay. J Geotech Eng 115(8):1045–1064
Goldberg D, Jaworski W, Gordon M (1976) Lateral support systems and underpinning. In: Design and construction, vol 1
Harahap SE, Ou C-Y (2020) Finite element analysis of time-dependent behavior in deep excavations. Comput Geotech 119:103300
Houhou MN, Emeriault F, Belounar A (2019) Three-dimensional numerical back-analysis of a monitored deep excavation retained by strutted diaphragm walls. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 83:153–164
Hsieh P-G, Ou C-Y (1998) Shape of ground surface settlement profiles caused by excavation. Can Geotech J 35(6):1004–1017
Hsiung B-CB (2009) A case study on the behaviour of a deep excavation in sand. Comput Geotech 36(4):665–675
Hsiung B-CB, Yang K-H, Aila W, Hung C (2016) Three-dimensional effects of a deep excavation on wall deflections in loose to medium dense sands. Comput Geotech 80:138–151
Hsiung B, Dao S-D (2014) Evaluation of constitutive soil models for predicting movements caused by a deep excavation in sands. Electronic J Geotech Eng 1:17325–17344
Hung NK, Phienwej N (2016) Practice and experience in deep excavations in soft soil of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. KSCE J Civ Eng 20(6):2221–2234
Huynh QT, Lai VQ, Boonyatee T, Keawsawasvong S (2020) Behavior of a deep excavation and damages on adjacent buildings: a case study in Vietnam. Transp Infrastruct Geotechnol 8:361–389
Huynh QT, Tran VT, Nguyen MT (2020) Analyzing the settlement of adjacent buildings with shallow foundation based on the horizontal displacement of retaining wall. Geotechnics for sustainable infrastructure development. Springer, pp 313–320
Ignat R, Baker S, Karstunen M, Liedberg S, Larsson S (2020) Numerical analyses of an experimental excavation supported by panels of lime-cement columns. Comp Geotech 118:103296
Khoiri M, Ou C-Y (2013) Evaluation of deformation parameter for deep excavation in sand through case histories. Comput Geotech 47:57–67
Likitlersuang S, Surarak C, Wanatowski D, Oh E, Balasubramaniam A (2013) Finite element analysis of a deep excavation: a case study from the Bangkok MRT. Soils Found 53(5):756–773
Lim A, Ou C-Y, Hsieh P-G (2010) Evaluation of clay constitutive models for analysis of deep excavation under undrained conditions. J GeoEng 5(1):9–20
Lim A, Ou C-Y, Hsieh P-G (2020) A novel strut-free retaining wall system for deep excavation in soft clay: numerical study. Acta Geotech 15(6):1557–1576
Long M (2001) Database for retaining wall and ground movements due to deep excavations. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 127(3):203–224
Mohamad H, Soga K, Pellew A, Bennett PJ (2011) Performance monitoring of a secant-piled wall using distributed fiber optic strain sensing. Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering 137(12):1236–1243
Moormann C (2004) Analysis of wall and ground movements due to deep excavations in soft soil based on a new worldwide database. Soils Found 44(1):87–98
Ng CWW, Zheng G, Ni J, Zhou C (2020) Use of unsaturated small-strain soil stiffness to the design of wall deflection and ground movement adjacent to deep excavation. Comput Geotech 119:103375
Ou C-Y, Chiou D-C, Wu T-S (1996) Three-dimensional finite element analysis of deep excavations. J Geotech Eng 122(5):337–345
Ou C-Y, Hsieh P-G, Chiou D-C (1993) Characteristics of ground surface settlement during excavation. Can Geotech J 30(5):758–767
Ou C, Hsien P (2000) Prediction of ground surface settlement induced by deep excavation. Geotechnical research report No. GT200008, Department of construction engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
Padmanabhan G, Sasikala G, Ravisankar A (2018) Site characterization for deep excavation and evaluation of stiffness properties of backfilled soil from field instrumentation. Innov Infrastruct Solut 3(1):1–11
Plaxis (2019). "Plaxis 2D (2019). ""Reference Manual", Plaids BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Ramadan MI, Meguid M (2020) Behavior of cantilever secant pile wall supporting excavation in sandy soil considering pile-pile interaction. Arab J Geosci 13(12):1–13
Ramadan MI, Ramadan EH, Khashila MM (2018) Cantilever contiguous pile wall for supporting excavation in clay. Geotech Geol Eng 36(3):1545–1558
Schanz T, Vermeer PA, Bonnier PG (2019) The hardening soil model: formulation and verification. In: Beyond 2000 in computational geotechnics, Routledge, pp 281–296
Schweiger H (2009) Influence of constitutive model and EC7 design approach in FEM analysis of deep excavations. In: Proceeding of ISSMGE international seminar on deep excavations and retaining structures, Budapest.
Sekhavatian A, Choobbasti AJ (2018) Reliability analysis of deep excavations by RS and MCS methods: case study. Innov Infrastruct Solut 3(1):1–15
Singapore_code (2009) Earth retaining or stabilizing structures (ERSS) of building and construction authority. pp 1–7
Son M, Cording EJ (2005) Estimation of building damage due to excavation-induced ground movements. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 131(2):162–177
Tan Y, Chow C (2008) Design of retaining wall and support systems for deep basement construction–a Malaysian experience. Seminar on “Deep Excavation and Retaining Walls”, Jointly organised by IEM-HKIE, Malaysia
Tan Y, Li M (2011) Measured performance of a 26 m deep top-down excavation in downtown Shanghai. Can Geotech J 48(5):704–719
Tan Y, Wei B (2012) Observed behaviors of a long and deep excavation constructed by cut-and-cover technique in Shanghai soft clay. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 138(1):69–88
Teo P, Wong K (2012) Application of the hardening soil model in deep excavation analysis. IES J A: Civil Struct Eng 5(3):152–165
Wong IH, Poh TY, Chuah HL (1997) Performance of excavations for depressed expressway in Singapore. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 123(7):617–625
Xie X, Zhao M, Shahrour I (2019) Experimental study of the behavior of rectangular excavations supported by a pipe roof. Appl Sci 9(10):2082
Yang X, Jia M, Ye J (2020) Method for estimating wall deflection of narrow excavations in clay. Comput Geotech 117:103224
Yong CC, Oh E (2016) Modelling ground response for deep excavation in soft ground. Int J 11(26):2633–2642
Zhang W, Hong L, Li Y, Zhang R, Goh AT, Liu H (2020) Effects of jet grouting slabs on responses for deep braced excavations. Undergr Space. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.undsp.2020.02.002
Zhang W, Hou Z, Goh AT, Zhang R (2019) Estimation of strut forces for braced excavation in granular soils from numerical analysis and case histories. Comput Geotech 106:286–295
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
QTH acquired methodology and software and contributed to investigation and writing—original draft. VQL acquired methodology and supervision and contributed to conceptualization and writing—original draft. JS contributed to writing review and editing and data curation. SK provided resources and contributed to writing review and editing and data curation. LZM provided resources and contributed to writing review and editing and data curation. HTT contributed to investigation and writing—original draft.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huynh, Q.T., Lai, V.Q., Shiau, J. et al. On the use of both diaphragm and secant pile walls for a basement upgrade project in Vietnam. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 7, 17 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00625-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00625-7