Abstract
This study examines the relation between fear of victimization, types of victimization, and advocacy, adjusted for grade and gender on 834 students from 16 Iranian public middle schools. Multilevel linear modeling was used to explore relations between types of victimization and fear of victimization. The results showed that higher fear of victimization was associated with higher verbal, social, and cyber victimization, and higher peer advocacy. The cyber victimization experience had the most impact on fear of bullying victimization (β = 0.15, P < 0.001). Also, higher teacher and peer advocacy were related to higher fear of bullying victimization (β = 0.11, P < 0.001 for teacher advocacy and β = 0.06, P < 0.05 for peer advocacy). Implications of these findings for school anti-bullying programs as well as directions for future research are discussed.
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Acknowledgements
We thank all the students and school staff for participating in this program. We also acknowledge the Security Office of the Education Authority of Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Funding
This study was supported by the Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
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Rezapour, M., Nezam Tabar, A. & Khanjani, N. Fear of Bullying Victimization in Middle School: Types of Victimization and Advocacy Considerations. Int Journal of Bullying Prevention 4, 89–98 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-021-00089-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-021-00089-4