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Identifying the potential global distribution and conservation areas for Terminalia chebula, an important medicinal tree species under changing climate scenario

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Abstract

Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae), commonly-known as chebulic myrobalan is one of the important Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) species which is harvested for its fruits and galls. The species known as the “King of medicines” is used widely in Ayurveda, Sidda, Unani, and traditional Chinese medicines for curing a wide variety of diseases in Asia and Africa. Terminalia chebula is an important ingredient of Triphala (Ayurvedic medicine) along with Terminalia bellirica and Phyllanthus emblica. The fruits of the tree also yields a dye which is used as an organic dye in the textile industries. In recent years, there is an increasing demand for herbal remedies and organic dyes, resulting in extensive extraction of fruits and galls from T. chebula. In this study, the major objective was to identify sites for the conservation of T. chebula and to identify important environmental variables determining its distribution. Based on the existing species distribution records (primary and secondary), along with a suite of climatic variables, the present and future distribution of the species were predicted. The study identified ecological niches that are suitable for the cultivation of the species; the species occurs in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam, China, Laos, Thailand, Bhutan, Taiwan, Nepal and Bangladesh under the current climatic scenario. Within India, our results suggest that the central and south India are highly suitable in the current scenario. The mean annual temperature, temperature seasonality and isothermality seem to be the most important variables determining the distribution of the species which is directly influenced by climate change. Overall, the study indicated that under the future climate change scenarios the distribution of T. chebula is likely to decrease. The results indicate that T. chebula is highly vulnerable to climate change. Considering the economic importance of the species, it is important to understand how the species distribution will alter in the wake of climate change to develop effective conservation strategies. The study also provides important environment variables that determine the species distribution which could aid in identifying areas where the species could be cultivated.

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Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank Dr. K.N. Ganeshaiah for providing us the co-ordinates of T. chebula of entire Western Ghats, Dr. M. Sanjappa for giving us access to BSI Herbariums at Kolkota, Dehradun, Pune and Coimbatore, we also thank Harisha, Vikram and Arunima for providing co-ordinates of T. chebula from their field sites. SS and GR acknowledge the support of DBT for undertaking the study (BT/PR29859/FCB/125/23/2018). The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for the detailed comments which has helped in vastly improving the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Marudhamalai Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India

    B. R. Kailash

  2. Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology & the Environment, Royal Enclave, Sriramapura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064, Karnataka, India

    B. R. Kailash, G. Ravikanth & Siddappa Setty

  3. Institute for Biodiversity Conservation and Training, #5, 7th Main Road, Shankar Nagar, Bangalore, 560096, Karnataka, India

    Bipin Charles

  4. DRDO-BU Centre for Life Sciences, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Ministry of Defence, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India

    K. Kadirvelu

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KBR, SS, GR & KK led the manuscript writing with inputs from all the authors. KBR, gathered data, BC developed methodology for modelling, KBR and BC performed analysis. GR revised the manuscripts with inputs from all the authors. All the authors gave final approval for publication.

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Correspondence to B. R. Kailash.

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Kailash, B.R., Charles, B., Ravikanth, G. et al. Identifying the potential global distribution and conservation areas for Terminalia chebula, an important medicinal tree species under changing climate scenario. Trop Ecol 63, 584–595 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42965-022-00237-x

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