Skip to main content
Log in

Empowering Victim Advocates: Organizing Against Anti-gay/lesbian Violence in Canada

  • Published:
Critical Criminology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article provides an account of an emancipatory, community-based response to anti-gay/lesbian violence in Canada by outlining the model developed by The 519Church Street Community Centre Anti-Violence Programme (The 519), previously known as the Victim Assistance Programme. The data for this article was obtained through participant observation over a five year period from1993–1997. The goal of this article is to document and critique the model developed at The 519 by focussing on advocacy, policing issues, education, and the production of knowledge about anti-gay/lesbian violence. While the Committee's inclusionary agenda seems to be the most strategic approach to gaining equity in services in existing institutions, contradictions arise which suggest that ruptures exist between the promise of mainstream institutional change and resistance to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and queer (LGBTQ) activism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amnesty International (2001). Crimes of Hate, Conspiracy of Silence: Torture and Ill-Treatment based on Sexual identity. London, United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amnesty International (1995). Breaking the Silence. Human Rights Violations Based on Sexual Orientation. New York: Amnesty International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benedek, Vanessa (1995). Emergency workers sensitized to gay bashing. The Varsity 116(16), 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berrill, Kevin T. (1986). Anti-Gay Violence: Causes, Consequences, Responses. A White Paper by the Violence Project of the National Lesbian and Gay Task Force. Washington, D.C.: NGLTF, 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand, Luce (1988). Le Rapport Bertrand sur le vecu de 1000 Femmes Lesbiennes. Montreal, Quebec: Primeur.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumenfeld, Warren J. (1992). Conducting Antiheterosexism workshops: A sample. In W.J. Blumenfeld (ed.), Homophobia: How We All Pay The Price. Boston: Beacon Press, pp. 275–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, Arnold (1981). Out of the Closet: Study of Relations Between the Homosexual Community and the Police. Toronto City Council: Report to Mayor Arthur Eggleton.

  • Cancian, Francesca M. (1992). Feminist science: Methodologies that challenge inequality. Gender and Society 6(4), 623–642.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commission es droits de la Personne du Quebec (1994). De L'illegalite a L'egalite: Rapport de la Consultation Publique sur la Violence et la Discrimination Envers Les Gais et Lesbiennes. Quebec, Canada: Commission des droits de la Personne du Quebec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comstock, Gary David (1991). Empirical Data on Victims. Violence Against Lesbians And Gay Men. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 31–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cote, Andree (1988). Lieux de travail et homosexualities; la repression du lesbianisme au travail, en continuite avec l'heterosexisme de l'Etat Canadian. In R. Louis andM.T. Sequin (eds.), Homosexualities et Tolerance Sociale. Quebec: Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire et interdisciplinaire sur la gestion sociale, p. 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demczuk, Irene (1993). Des Droits A Reconnaitre Heterosexisme et Discrimination envers les lesbiennes. Memoire presente par le Caucus Lesbienne a la Commission des Droit de la Personne du Quebec (November). Montreal: Commission des Droit de la Personne du Quebec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elias, R. (1993). Victims Still: The Political Manipulation of Crime Victims. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faulkner, Ellen (1991). Lesbian abuse: The social and legal realities. Queen's Law Journal 16(2) (Summer), 261–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faulkner, Ellen (1997). Anti-Gay/Lesbian Violence In Toronto: The Impact on Individuals and Communities. Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada: Research and Statistics Division/Policy Sector. Technical Report (1997–5e). A Project of the 519 Church Street Community Centre Victim Assistance Programme, Toronto. Contact: http://www.icomm.ca/the519/vap/vap.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faulkner, Ellen (1998). Woman-to-Woman Abuse: Analyzing Extant Accounts of Lesbian Battering. In K.D. Bonnycastle andG.S. Rigakos (eds.), Unsettling Truths: Battered Women, Policy, Politics, and Contemporary Research in Canada. Vancouver: The Collective Press, pp. 52–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faulkner, Ellen (1999). A Case Study of the Institutional Response to Anti-Gay/Lesbian Violence in Toronto. PhD. Thesis. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto (Unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Faulkner, Ellen (forthcoming). Anti-Gay/Lesbian Violence in Calgary. Calgary, Alberta: Calgary Police Services/Gay and Lesbian Police Liaison.

  • Harding, Sandra (1987). Introduction: Is there a feminist method? In Sandra Harding (ed.), Feminism and Methodology. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, pp. 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herek, Gregory M. andKevin T. Berrill (eds.) (1992). Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. Newbury Park, London, New Delhi: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hierlihy, Deborah (1996). Behind the Bruises: Confronting Hate Motivated Crimes Against Lesbians and Gay Men: A Community Coordinate Approach. A Project funded the Wellesley Central Hospital, Emergency Department and Urban Health Initiative, in collaboration with the 519 Church Street Community Centre and the University of Toronto. Toronto: Wellesley Central Hospital Urban Health Initiative.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janoff, Victor (2000). Pink Blood: Queer Bashing in Canada. Master's Thesis. Department of Criminology. Simon Fraser University (unpublished).

  • Janhevich, Derk E. (2001). Hate Crime in Canada: An Overview of Issues and Data Sources. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenness, Valerie andBroad, Kendall (1994). Antiviolence Activism and the (In)Visibility of Gender in the Gay/Lesbian and Women's Movement. Gender and Society 8(3), 402–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelner, Greg (1983). Homophobic Assault: A Study of Anti-Gay Violence. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Gays for Equality.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenskyj, Helen Jefferson (1990). Beyond plumbing and prevention: Feminist approaches to sex education. Gender and Education 2(2), 217–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenskyj, Helen Jefferson (1994). Going too far? Sexual orientation(s) in the sex education curriculum. In L. Erwin andD. MacLennan (eds.), The Sociology of Education in Canada. Mississauga: Copp Clark Longman, pp. 278–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesbian and Gay Issues and Rights Committee of the Canadian Bar Association-Ontario (1995). Addendum to Submission on Bill C-41 an Act to Amend the Criminal Code (Sentencing) and other Acts in Consequence Thereof. Ontario Branch: The Canadian Bar Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesbians Working to End Violence in Lesbian Relationships (LWEVLR) (1997). Abuse In Lesbian Relationships: Workshop Guidelines. Toronto, Ontario with funding from the Ontario Women's Directorate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, Gail andTomsen, S. (eds.) (1997). Homophobic Violence (The Australian Institute of Criminology). Sydney, Australia: The Hawkins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mawby, R.I. andWalklate, S. (1994). Critical Victimology: International Perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Brian andHumphries, Laud (1980). Lifestyles and Violence: Homosexual Victims of Assault and Murder. Qualitative Sociology 3(3), 169–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mock, Karen (1996). The Extent of Hate Activity and Racism in Metropolitan Toronto. Toronto: League for Human Rights of B'nai Brith Canada (Commissioned by the Access and Equity Centre of The Metro Chief Administrator's Office).

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, Christopher andMuir, G. (1984). Community-based Policing. A Review of the Critical Issues. Technical Report. TRS No. 6, Programs Branch. Ottawa: Ministry of the Solicitor General.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, Christopher (1993). The Development, Impact and Implications of Community Policing in Canada. In J. Chacko andS.E. Nancoo (eds.), Community Policing in Canada. Toronto: Canadian Scholar's Press, Inc., pp. 13–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Namaste, Ki (1993). Transgenders and Violence: An Exploration. A Brief submitted to the Commission des droits de la personne du Quebec. Montreal, Quebec (July).

  • National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs (1998). NCAVP Annual Report [On-Line]. Available:http://www.avp.org/intro.html.

  • National Lesbian and Gay Task Force (1984). Anti-Gay/Lesbian Victimization: A Study by the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force in Cooperation with Gay and Lesbian Organizations in Eight U.S. Cities. Washington, D.C: National Lesbian and Gay Task Force (June).

    Google Scholar 

  • New Brunswick Coalition for Human Rights Reform (1990). Discrimination and Violence Encountered by Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual New Brunswickers. Fredericton, New Brunswick: New Brunswick Coalition for Human Rights Reform.

    Google Scholar 

  • Normandeau, Andre andLeighton, Barry (1993). A Growing Canadian Consensus: Community policing. In J. Chacko andS.E. Nancoo (eds.), Community Policing in Canada. Toronto: Canadian Scholar's Press, pp. 27–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pendo, Elizabeth A. (1994). Recognizing violence against women: Gender and the Hate Crimes Statistics Act. Harvard Women's Law Journal 17 (Spring), 157–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pharr, Suzanne (1993). Hate violence against women. In A.M. Jaggar andA.M., Rothenberg (eds.), Feminist Frameworks. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 60–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ristock, Janice L. andPennell, Joan (1996). Community Research as Empowerment: Feminist Links, Postmodern Interruptions. Toronto: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, Julian (1995). Disproportionate Harm: Hate Crime in Canada. An Analysis of Statistics. Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, Maggie (2000). Police focus on property, not safety. Serious questions raised about focus of Winnipeg Committee for Safety. Swerve, 7 (February).

  • Samis, Stephen Michael (1995). An Injury to One is an Injury to All: Heterosexism, Homophobia, and Anti-Gay/Lesbian Violence in Greater Vancouver. Thesis in the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarick, Lila (1998). Gay bashing incidents on rise in Toronto. Brutality of attacks also increasing, with damage often inflicted to victim's face, police say. The Globe and Mail (International News) (October 15), A17.

  • Sepejak, Diana (1977). The Willingness of Homosexuals to Report Criminal Victimization to the Police. Master's Dissertation, Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto (unpublished).

  • Smith, Carolyn Gibson (1993). ‘Proud but Cautious’: Homophobic Abuse and Discrimination in Nova Scotia. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University Nova Scotia Public Research Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, Liz andWise, Sue (1983). Breaking Out: Feminist Consciousness and Feminist Research. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toronto Board of Education (1992). Sexual Orientation: Focus on Homosexuality, Lesbianism and Homophobia. Toronto Board of Education: A Resource Guide for Teachers of Health Education in Secondary Schools.

  • Wolfe, Leslie andCopeland, Lois (1994). Violence against Women as Bias-Motivated Hate Crime: Defining the Issues in the USA. In M. Davies (ed.), Women and Violence: Realities and Responses Worldwide. London and New Jersey: Zed Books Ltd., pp. 200–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, Tom (1999). Community abandons bashline: Founder throws down guantlet for more gay volunteers. Xtra West! 162 (October 28), 7.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Faulkner, M.E. Empowering Victim Advocates: Organizing Against Anti-gay/lesbian Violence in Canada. Critical Criminology 10, 123–135 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013177020492

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013177020492

Keywords

Navigation