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The Role of Neuro-Cardiac Junctions in Sympathetic Regulation of the Heart

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Abstract

One of the important mechanisms of cardiac regulation is realized via sympathetic innervation of cardiac myocytes. Axons of the sympathetic neurons branch out and form varicosities along their length, filled with synaptic vesicles that contain a major neurotransmitter (norepinephrine) and co-neurotransmitters. The varicosities may closely contact with cardiomyocytes and form neuro-cardiac junctions (NCJs), which have a synapse-like organization, namely pre- and postsynaptic regions separated by a narrow gap. These synaptic structures demonstrate high plasticity, while neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic varicosity is tightly regulated, including due to autoreceptors. Neurotransmission via NCJs mediates fast chronotropic and inotropic effects and also controls tropic processes, which determine the size of cardiomyocytes and the architecture of the heart wall. Different subtypes of postsynaptic adrenoceptors are involved in these short- and long-term effects of neuro-cardiac interactions. Changes in cardiac adrenergic neurotransmission often accompany many widespread pathologies, such as heart failure, arrhythmias and hypertension, contributing to their progression. In this review, we systematized and summarized experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis about cardiac quasi-synaptic transmission that may be of decisive importance for brain-heart communication.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are deeply grateful to Acad. A.L. Zefirov for his permanent support in developing neuromuscular physiology within the Kazan Physiological School, as well as to reviewers of this article for valuable advices and comments.

Funding

This work was supported by the Russian Scientific Foundation (grant No. 21-14-00044, https://rscf.ru/project/21-14-00044/). A.M. Petrov was supported by the Russian Federation government assignment to FRC Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kazan State Medial University, Kazan, Russia

    Y. G. Odnoshivkina & A. M. Petrov

  2. Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia

    A. M. Petrov

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  1. Y. G. Odnoshivkina
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Y.G. Odnoshivkina and A.M. Petrov were responsible for data collection, as well as illustrating and editing the article; A.M. Petrov advanced the article’s idea and wrote a manuscript.

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Correspondence to A. M. Petrov.

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The authors declare that they have no evident or potential conflict of interest as related to the publication of this article.

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Translated by A. Polyanovsky

Russian Text © The Author(s), 2021, published in Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I.M. Sechenova, 2021, Vol. 107, Nos. 4–5, pp. 474–491https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869813921040117.

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Odnoshivkina, Y.G., Petrov, A.M. The Role of Neuro-Cardiac Junctions in Sympathetic Regulation of the Heart. J Evol Biochem Phys 57, 527–541 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0022093021030078

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