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Changes in the Past Soil-Forming Conditions and Human Activity in Soil Biological Memory: Microbial and Enzyme Components

  • SOIL BIOLOGY
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Abstract

The concept of biological memory of soils and cultural layers is developed. This term is understood as information about soil-forming conditions of the past that is carried by living organisms, their generative and dormant forms, dead and mineralized organisms and tissues, bioorganic compounds, low-molecular-weight and supramolecular products of microbial transformation of organic matter, and traces and products of the vital activity of living organisms in the soil profile. The structure of biological memory is considered, and the mechanisms of microbial soil memory are discussed in more detail. Microbial soil memory is defined as the ability of different groups of soil microbiota to change their structure, functional diversity, and biological activity under the impact of natural or anthropogenic factors and to preserve these changes. It is shown that changed in climatic conditions are reflected in the microbial memory of buried soils in the form of changes in the biomass and ecological-trophic structure of the soil microbial community. In addition to the microbial memory, cultural layers of ancient settlements and soils with traces of ancient anthropogenic transformation are characterized by the enzyme memory, which enables the reconstruction of the entry of nonspecific substrates primarily of anthropogenic nature into the soil. In the microbial memory, this is reflected in an increase in the number of microorganisms that specialize in the decomposition of particular substrate, while the enzyme memory reflects an increase in the activity of exo- and endoenzymes that participate in the utilization of this substrate by soil microorganisms. The established periods of functioning of microbial and enzyme memory of soils reach several thousand years.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grateful to the reviewers of the article for their constructive comments and advice, which significantly improved the structure and information level of the published work.

Funding

The study of paleosols of burial mounds was performed according to the State Assignment no. 0191-2019-0046. Microbiological studies of soils and cultural layers of the settlements were supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 19-18-00406.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, 142292, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, Russia

    A. V. Borisov, T. S. Demkina, N. N. Kashirskaya, T. E. Khomutova & E. V. Chernysheva

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  1. A. V. Borisov
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  2. T. S. Demkina
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  3. N. N. Kashirskaya
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  4. T. E. Khomutova
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  5. E. V. Chernysheva
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Correspondence to E. V. Chernysheva.

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Translated by I. Bel’chenko

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Borisov, A.V., Demkina, T.S., Kashirskaya, N.N. et al. Changes in the Past Soil-Forming Conditions and Human Activity in Soil Biological Memory: Microbial and Enzyme Components. Eurasian Soil Sc. 54, 1078–1088 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229321070024

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