Skip to main content
Log in

The specific features of free-radical processes and the antioxidant defense in the adult brain

  • Review Articles
  • Published:
Neurochemical Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Here we review the specific features of free-radical processes in the CNS. We review the pathways of the generation of reactive oxygen species in nervous nerve tissue, the specific parameters of substrates of free-radical oxidation, and the contents and activities of various antioxidants. We briefly describe some physiological effects of reactive oxygen species in the nervous tissue.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Finkel, T. and Holbrook, N.J., Nature, 2000, vol. 408, p. 239–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Droge, W., Physiol. Rev., 2002, vol. 82, p. 47–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Rhee, S.G., Science, 2006, vol. 312, p. 1882–1883.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M., Mazur, M., and Telser, J., Int. J. Bioch. Cell Biol., 2007, vol. 39, p. 44–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Martinez-Cayuela, H., Biochimie, 1995, vol. 77, no. 3, p. 147–161.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bergamini, C., Gambetti, S., Dondi, A., and Cervellati, C., Curr. Pharm. Des., 2004, vol. 10, no. 14, p. 1611–1626.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Chong, Z., Li, F., and Maiese, K., Prog. Neurobiol., 2005, vol. 75, pp. 207–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lykkesfeldt, J. and Svendsen, O., Vet. J., 2007, vol. 173, pp. 502–511.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Eshchenko, N.D., Biokhimiya mozga (Biochemistry of the Brain), Eds., Ashmarin, I.P., Stukalov, P.V., and Eshchenko, N.D., St. Petersburg, 1999, pp. 124–169.

  10. Erecinska, M., Cherian S., Silver I.A, Prog. Neurobiol., 2004, vol. 73, pp. 397–445.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Reiter, R.J., FASEB J., 1995, vol. 9, pp. 526–533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Halliwell, B., J. Neurochem., 2006, vol. 97, pp. 1634–1658.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Putilina, F.E., Galkina, O.V., Eshchenko, N.D., Dizhe, G.P., and Krasovskaya, I.E., Svobodnoradikal’noe okislenie (Free Radical Oxidation), Ed., Eshchenko, N.D., St. Petersburg: Izd. SPbGU, 2008.

  14. Shohami, E., Beit-Yannai, E., Horowitz, M., and Kohen, R., J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 1997, vol. 17, pp. 1007–1019.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dringen, R., Pawlowski, P.G., and Hirrlinger, J., J. Neurosci. Res., 2005, vol. 79, pp. 157–165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Phillis, J.W., Horrocks, L., and Farooqui, A., Brain Res. Rev., 2006, vol. 52, pp. 201–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kudin, A.P., Malinska, D., and Kunz, W.S., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2008, vol. 1777, pp. 689–695.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Fraser, P.A., Free Rad. Biol. Med., 2011, vol. 51, pp. 967–977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Miksys, S. and Tyndale, R.F., Drug. Metab. Rev., 2004, vol. 36, pp. 313–333.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Boldyrev, A.A., Karnozin (Carnosine), Moscow: Izd.MGU, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kosenko, E., Venediktova, N., Kaminsky, Y., Montoliu, C., and Felipo, V., Brain Res., 2003, vol. 981, pp. 193–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Noh, K.-M. and Koh, J.-Y., J. Neurosci., 2000, vol. 20, pp. 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bedard, K. and Krause, K., Physiol. Rev., 2007, vol. 87, pp. 245–313.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Brown, D.I. and Griendling, K.K., Free Rad. Biol. Med., 2009, vol. 47, pp. 1239–1253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kishida, K.T., Pao, M., Holland, S.M., and Klann, E., J. Neurochem., 2005, vol. 94, pp. 299–306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Infanger, D.W., Sharma, R.V., and Davisson, R.L., Antiox. Redox Signaling, 2006, vol. 8, nos. 9–10, pp. 1583–1596.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Guix, F.X., Uribesalgo, I., Coma, M., and Munoz, F.J., Progr. Neurobiol., 2005, vol. 76, pp. 126–152.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Reutov, V.P., Sorokina, E.G., Okhotin, V.E., and Kositsyn, N.S., Tsiklicheskie prevrashcheniya oksida azota v organizme mlekopitayushchikh (Cyclic Conversions of Nitric Oxide in the Mammalian Body), Moscow: Nauka, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Campese, V., Sindhu, R., Ye, S., Bai, Y., Vaziri, N., and Jabbari, B., Brain Res., 2007, vol. 1134, pp. 27–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rodrigo, J., Fernandez, A.P., Serrano, J., Peinado, M.A., and Martinez, A., Free Rad. Biol. Med, 2005, vol. 39, pp. 26–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Boldyrev, A.A., Usp. Fiziol. Nauk, 2003, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 21–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Proskuryakov, S.Ya., Konoplyannikov, A.G., and Ivannikov, A.I., Usp. Sovrem. Biol., 1999, vol. 119, no. 4, pp. 380–395.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gal, S., Zheng, H., Fridkin, M., and Youdim, M., J. Neurochem., 2005, vol. 95, pp. 79–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Marchitti, S.A., Deitrich, R.A., and Vasilion, V., Pharmacol. Rev., 2007, vol. 59, pp. 125–150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Tolleson, W.H., Encyclopedia of Neurosci., Ed. Squire, L.R., Elsevier Ltd., 2009, Pt. 13, pp. 2288–2294.

  36. Parent, M. and Parent, A., Can. J. Neurol. Sci., 2010, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 313–319.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Tumanova, S.Yu., Biokhimiya mozga (Biochemistry of the Brain), Eds., Ashmarin, I.P., Stukalov, P.V., and Eshchenko, N.D., St. Petersburg, 1999, pp. 81–124.

  38. Neuringer, M., Anderson, G., and Connor, W., Ann. Rev. Nutrit., 1988, vol. 8, pp. 517–541.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Farooqui, A.A., Beneficial effects of fish oil on human brain, Springer, 2009, pp. 151–187.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  40. Rehncrona, S., Smith, D., and Akesson, B., J. Neurochem., 1980, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1630–1638.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Waterfall, A.H., Singh, G., Fry, J., and Marsden, C.A., Neurosci. Let., 1995, vol. 200, no. 1, pp. 69–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Noda, J., McGeer, P., and McGeer, E., J. Neurochem., 1983, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 1329–1332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Mizuno, Y. and Ohta, K., J. Neurochem., 1986, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 1344–1352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Samson, J., Devi, R., Ravindran, R., and Senthilvelan, M., Environmental Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2005, vol. 20, pp. 142–148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Chong, Z.Z., Li, F., and Maiese, K., Progr. Neurobiol., 2005, vol. 75, pp. 207–246.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Mariani, E., Polidori, M.C., Cherubini, A., and Mecocci, P., J. Chromatography B, 2005, vol. 827, pp. 65–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Dubinina, E.E., Produkty metabolizma kisloroda v funktsional’noi aktivnosti kletok (zhizn’ i smert’, sozidanie i razrushenie). Fiziologicheskie i klinikobiokhimicheskie aspekty (Products of Oxygen Metabolism in Functional Activity of Cells (Life and Death, Creation and Destruction). Physiological and Clinico-Biochemical Aspects), St. Petersburg: Izd. Meditsinskaya pressa, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Aizenman, E., Neurosci. Let., 1995, vol. 189, pp. 57–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Agbas, A., Chen, X., Hong, O., Kumar, K.N., and Michaelis, E.K., Free Rad. Biol. Med., 2002, vol. 32, pp. 512–524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Rouault, T.A. and Cooperman, S., Seminars in Pediatric Neurol., 2006, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 142–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Ke, Y. and Qian, Z.M., Progr. Neurobiol., 2007, vol. 83, pp. 149–173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Singh, S. and Hider, R.C., in Free Radical Damage and its Control, Eds., Rice-Evans, C.A. and Burdon, R, Elsevier, 1994, vol. 28, pp. 189–217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Zelko, I.N., Mariani, T.J., and Folz, R.J., Free Rad. Biol. Med., 2002, vol. 33, pp. 337–349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Miller, A.-F., Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 2004, vol. 8, pp. 162–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Johnson, F. and Giulivi, C. Mol., Aspects Med., 2005, vol. 26, pp. 340–352.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Nakano, M., Methods Enzymol., 1990, vol. 186, pp. 227–232.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Blomgren, K. and Hagberg, H., Free Rad. Biol. Med., 2006, vol. 40, pp. 388–397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Culotta, V.C., Yang, M., and O’Halloran, T.V., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2006, vol. 1763, pp. 747–758.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Thiels, E., Urban, N., Gonzalez-Burgos, G., Kanterewicz, B., Barrionuevo, G., Chu, C., Oury, T., and Klann, E., J. Neurosci., 2000, vol. 20, pp. 7631–7639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ansari, K.A., Kaplan, E., and Shoeman, D., Growth Dev. Aging, 1989, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 117–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Stroev, S.A. and Samoilov, M.O., Endogennye antioksidanty i gipoksicheskaya tolerantnost’ mozga (Endogenous Antioxidants and Hypoxic Tolerance of the Brain), St. Petersburg: Izd-vo In-ta fiziologii im. I.P. Pavlova RAN, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Ho, Y.S., Magnenat, J.L., Bronson, R.T., Cao, J., Gargano, M., Sugawara, M., and Funk, C., J Biol. Chem., 1997, vol. 272, pp. 16644–16651.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Cohen, G., in: Oxidative Stress, Ed., Sies, H., Acad. Press., 1985, pp. 383–401.

  64. Imai, H. and Nakagawa, Y., Free Rad. Biol. Med., 2003, vol. 34, pp. 145–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Schweizer, U., Brauer, A.U., Kohrle, J., Nitsch, R., and Savaskan, N.E., Brain Res. Rev., 2004, vol. 45, pp. 164–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Herbette, S., Roeckel-Drevet, P., and Drevet, J.R., FEBS J., 2007, vol. 274, pp. 2163–2180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Savaskan, N.E., Borchert, A., Brauer, A.U., and Kuhn, H., Free Rad. Biol. Med., 2007, vol. 43, pp. 191–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Savaskan, N.E., Ufer, C., Kuhn, H., and Borchert, A., Biol. Chem., 2007, vol. 388, pp. 1007–1017.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Zhua, Y., Carvey, P.M., and Ling, Z., Brain Res., 2006, vol. 1090, pp. 35–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Crack, P.J., Taylor, J.M., Flentjar, N., de Haan, J., Hertzog, P., Iannello, R., and Kola, I., J. Neurochem., 2001, vol. 78, pp. 1389–1399.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hong, Y., Li, C.-H., Burgess, J.R., Chang, M., Salem, A., Srikumar, K., and Reddy, C.C., J. Biol. Chem., 1989, vol. 264, no. 23, pp. 13793–13800.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Oakley, A.J., Curr. Opin. Structural Biol., 2005, vol. 15, pp. 716–723.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Gallagher, E.P., Gardner, J.L., and Barber, D.S., Biochem. Pharmacol., 2006, vol. 71, pp. 1619–1628.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Backos, D.S., Franklin, C.C., and Reigan, P., Biochem. Pharmacol., 2012, vol. 83, pp. 1005–1012.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Johnson, J.A., El Barbary, A., Kornguth, S.E., Brugge, J.F., and Siegel, F.L., J. Neurosci., 1993, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 2013–2023.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Sagara, J. and Sugita, Y., Brain Res., 2001, vol. 902, pp. 190–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Tamura, Y., Kataoka, Y., Cui, Y., Takamori, Y., Watanabe, Y., and Yamada, H., Neuroscience, 2007, vol. 148, pp. 535–540.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Dringen, R., Prog. Neurobiol., 2000, vol. 62, pp. 649–671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Brannan, T.S., Maker, H.S., Raes, I., and Weiss, C., Brain Res., 1980, vol. 200, no. 2, pp. 474–477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hayes, J.D., Milner, S.W., and Walker, S.W., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1989, vol. 994, pp. 21–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Dringen, R., Gutterer, J., and Hirrlinger, J., Eur. J. Biochem., 2000, vol. 267, pp. 4912–4916.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Dickinson, D., Moellering, D., Iles, K., Patel, R., Levonen, A., Wigley, A., Darley-Usmar, V., and Forman, H., Biol. Chem., 2003, vol. 384, pp. 527–537.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Nordberg, J. and Arner, E.S., Free Rad. Biol. Med., 2001, vol. 31, pp. 1287–1312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Rybnikova, E., Damdimopoulos, A.E., Gustafsson, J.A., Spyrou, G., and Pelto-Huikko, M., Eur. J. Neurosci., 2000, vol. 12, pp. 1669–1678.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Aon-Bertolino, M., Romero, J., Galeano, P., Holubiec, M., Badorrey, M., Saraceno, G., Hanschmann, E., Lillig, C., and Capani, F., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2011, vol. 1810, pp. 93–110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Drechsel, D. and Patel, M., J. Biol. Chem., 2010, vol. 285, no. 36, pp. 27850–27858.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Atkinson, J., Epand, R.F., and Epand, R.M., Free Rad. Biol. Med., 2008, vol. 44, pp. 739–764.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Nikushkin, E.V., Neirokhimiya, 1989, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 124–145.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Makar, T.K., Nedergaard, M., Preuss, A., Gelbard, A.S., Perumal, A.S., and Cooper, A.J., J. Neurochem., 1994, vol. 62, pp. 45–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Harrison, F.E. and May, J.M., Free Rad. Biol. Med., 2009, vol. 46, pp. 719–730.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Harrison, F.E., Green, R.J., Dawes, S.M., and May, J.M., Brain Res., 2010, vol. 1348, pp. 181–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Reiter, R.J., Prog. Neurobiol., 1998, vol. 56, pp. 359–384.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Reiter, R.J., Acuna-Castroviejo, D., Tan, D.-X., and Burkhardt, S., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2001, vol. 939, pp. 200–215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Hardeland, R., D.P. Cardinali, V. Srinivasan, D.W. Spence, G.M. Brown, S.R. Pandi-Perumal, Progr. Neurobiol., 2011, vol. 93, pp. 350–384.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Reiter, R.J., Tan, D.-X., Manchester, L.C., and El Sawi, M.R., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2002, vol. 959, pp. 238–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Erin, A.N. and Gulyaeva, N.V., Byull. Eksp. Biol. Med., 1994, vol. 118, no. 10, pp. 343–348.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Finkel, T. and Holbrook, N.J., Nature, 2000, vol. 408, pp. 239–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Knapp, L.T. and Klann, E., J. Neurosci. Res., 2002, vol. 70, pp. 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Heusler, P. and Boehmer, G., Brain Res., 2004, vol. 1024, pp. 104–112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. O’Donnell, V.D. and Freeman, B.A., Circ. Res., 2001, vol. 88, pp. 12–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Janssen-Heininger, Y., Mossman, B., Heintz, N., Forman, H., Kalyanaraman, B., Finkel, T., Stamler, J., Rhee, S., and van der Vliet, A., Free Rad. Biol. Med., 2008, vol. 45, pp. 1–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Ray, P.D., Huang, B.-W., and Tsuji, Y., Cell. Signal., 2012, vol. 24, pp. 981–990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Hirrlinger, J. and Dringen, R., Brain Res. Rev., 2010, vol. S63, pp. 177–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to O. V. Galkina.

Additional information

Original Russian Text © O.V. Galkina, 2013, published in Neirokhimiya, 2013, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 93–102.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Galkina, O.V. The specific features of free-radical processes and the antioxidant defense in the adult brain. Neurochem. J. 7, 89–97 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1819712413020025

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1819712413020025

Keywords

Navigation