Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Three-dimensional tomographic imaging of molecular orbitals by photoelectron momentum microscopy

  • Regular Article
  • Published:
The European Physical Journal B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

As one of the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics, electrons in atoms and molecules are assigned to respective orbitals. The geometric distribution of these orbitals is immediately connected to many chemical and physical properties of the system. Consequently, measuring electron orbitals directly has been highly desired. In this study, we demonstrate how a combination of a photoemission electron microscope with a synchrotron UV-light source can be utilised to record a three-dimensional set of tomographic data and present a detailed procedure to reconstruct the orbitals under investigation in real space.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J. Itatani, J. Levesque, D. Zeidler, H. Niikura, H. Pépin, J.-C. Kieffer, P.B. Corkum, D.M. Villeneuve, Nature 432, 867 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. J. Pascual, J. Gómez-Herrero, C. Rogero, A. Baró, D. Sánchez-Portal, E. Artacho, P. Ordejón, J. Soler, Chem. Phys. Lett. 321, 78 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. J. Repp, G. Meyer, S.M. Stojković, A. Gourdon, C. Joachim, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 026803 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. W.-H. Soe, C. Manzano, A. De Sarkar, N. Chandrasekhar, C. Joachim, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 176102 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. L. Gross, N. Moll, F. Mohn, A. Curioni, G. Meyer, F. Hanke, M. Persson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 086101 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. G. Koller, S. Berkebile, M. Oehzelt, P. Puschnig, C. Ambrosch-Draxl, F. Netzer, M. Ramsey, Science 317, 351 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. M. Wießner, J. Ziroff, F. Forster, M. Arita, K. Shimada, P. Puschnig, A. Schöll, F. Reinert, Nat. Commun. 4, 1514 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. P. Puschnig, S. Berkebile, A.J. Fleming, G. Koller, K. Emtsev, T. Seyller, J.D. Riley, C. Ambrosch-Draxl, F.P. Netzer, M.G. Ramsey, Science 326, 702 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. S. Weiß, D. Lüftner, T. Ules, E. Reinisch, H. Kaser, A. Gottwald, M. Richter, S. Soubatch, G. Koller, M. Ramsey et al., Nat. Commun. 6, 8287 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. S. Kera, S. Tanaka, H. Yamane, D. Yoshimura, K. Okudaira, K. Seki, N. Ueno, Chem. Phys. 325, 113 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. P. Puschnig, E.-M. Reinisch, T. Ules, G. Koller, S. Soubatch, M. Ostler, L. Romaner, F.S. Tautz, C. Ambrosch-Draxl, M.G. Ramsey, Phys. Rev. B 84, 235427 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. M. Dauth, T. Körzdörfer, S. Kümmel, J. Ziroff, M. Wiessner, A. Schöll, F. Reinert, M. Arita, K. Shimada, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 193002 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. M. Wießner, N.R. Lastra, J. Ziroff, F. Forster, P. Puschnig, L. Dössel, K. Müllen, A. Schöll, F. Reinert, New J. Phys. 14, 113008 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. B. Stadtmüller, M. Willenbockel, E. Reinisch, T. Ules, F. Bocquet, S. Soubatch, P. Puschnig, G. Koller, M. Ramsey, F. Tautz et al., EPL 100, 26008 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. M. Willenbockel, B. Stadtmüller, K. Schönauer, F. Bocquet, D. Lüftner, E. Reinisch, T. Ules, G. Koller, C. Kumpf, S. Soubatch et al., New J. Phys. 15, 033017 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. X. Gonze, J.-M. Beuken, R. Caracas, F. Detraux, M. Fuchs, G.-M. Rignanese, L. Sindic, M. Verstraete, G. Zerah, F. Jollet et al., Comput. Mater. Sci. 25, 478 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. N. Richardson, Chem. Phys. Lett. 102, 390 (1983)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. A.M. Bradshaw, D.P. Woodruff, New J. Phys. 17, 013033 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. M. Dauth, M. Graus, I. Schelter, M. Wießner, A. Schöll, F. Reinert, S. Kümmel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 183001 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. D. Lüftner, T. Ules, E.M. Reinisch, G. Koller, S. Soubatch, F.S. Tautz, M.G. Ramsey, P. Puschnig, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111, 605 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. M. Escher, N. Weber, M. Merkel, C. Ziethen, P. Bernhard, G. Schönhense, S. Schmidt, F. Forster, F. Reinert, B. Krömker et al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 17, S1329 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  22. M. Escher, K. Winkler, O. Renault, N. Barrett, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 178, 303 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. C. Wiemann, M. Patt, I.P. Krug, N.B. Weber, M. Escher, M. Merkel, C.M. Schneider, e-J. Surf. Sci. Nanotechnol. 9, 395 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. B. Krömker, M. Escher, D. Funnemann, D. Hartung, H. Engelhard, J. Kirschner, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 053702 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. N. Barrett, K. Winkler, B. Krömker, E. Conrad, Ultramicroscopy 130, 94 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. M. Wießner, D. Hauschild, A. Schöll, F. Reinert, V. Feyer, K. Winkler, B. Krömker, Phys. Rev. B 86, 045417 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. C. Seidel, C. Awater, X. Liu, R. Ellerbrake, H. Fuchs, Surf. Sci. 371, 123 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. K. Glöckler, C. Seidel, A. Soukopp, M. Sokolowski, E. Umbach, M. Böhringer, R. Berndt, W.-D. Schneider, Surf. Sci. 405, 1 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. C. Schneider, C. Wiemann, M. Patt, V. Feyer, L. Plucinski, I. Krug, M. Escher, N. Weber, M. Merkel, O. Renault et al., J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 185, 330 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. R. Ritchie, F. Garber, M. Nakai, R. Birkhoff, Adv. Radiat. Biol. 3, 1 (1969)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. A. Owens, S. Bayliss, G. Fraser, S. Gurman, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A 385, 556 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. H.-J. Hagemann, W. Gudat, C. Kunz, JOSA 65, 742 (1975)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. A. Gerlach, G. Meister, R. Matzdorf, A. Goldmann, Surf. Sci. 443, 221 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. M. Wießner, D. Hauschild, C. Sauer, V. Feyer, A. Schöll, F. Reinert, Nat. Commun. 5, 4156 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Würzburg, Experimental Physics VII, 97074, Würzburg, Germany

    Martin Graus, Christian Metzger, Manuel Grimm, Achim Schöll & Friedrich Reinert

  2. Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada

    Pascal Nigge

  3. Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6) and Jara-FIT, Research Center Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany

    Vitaliy Feyer

  4. Sincrotrone Trieste, NanoESCA Beamline, 34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy

    Vitaliy Feyer

Authors
  1. Martin Graus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christian Metzger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Manuel Grimm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Pascal Nigge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Vitaliy Feyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Achim Schöll
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Friedrich Reinert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Achim Schöll.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Graus, M., Metzger, C., Grimm, M. et al. Three-dimensional tomographic imaging of molecular orbitals by photoelectron momentum microscopy. Eur. Phys. J. B 92, 80 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2019-100015-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2019-100015-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation