Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Disparities in the hospital cost of cardiometabolic diseases among lesbian, gay, and bisexual Canadians: a population-based cohort study using linked data

  • Quantitative Research
  • Published:
Canadian Journal of Public Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objectives

Sexual identity has been recognized as a social determinant of health; however, evidence is limited on sexual minority status as a possible contributor to inequalities in cardiometabolic outcomes and the related hospital burden. This study aimed to investigate the association between sexual identity and hospital costs for cardiometabolic diseases among a cohort of Canadians using linked survey and administrative data.

Methods

Data from the 2007–2011 Canadian Community Health Survey were linked to acute-care inpatient records from the 2005/2006–2012/2013 Discharge Abstract Database. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the association between self-reported sexual identity and inpatient resource use for cardiometabolic diseases.

Results

Among the population ages 18–59, 2.1% (95% CI 1.9–2.2) identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB). LGB individuals more often reported having diabetes or heart disease compared with heterosexuals. The mean inflation-adjusted cost for cardiometabolic-related hospitalizations was found to be significantly higher among LGB patients (CAD$26,702; 95% CI 26,166–60,365) than among their heterosexual counterparts ($10,137; 95% CI 8,639–11,635), in part a reflection of longer hospital stays (13.6 days versus 5.1 days). Inpatient costs remained 54% (95% CI 8–119) higher among LGB patients after controlling for socio-demographics, health status, and health behaviours.

Conclusion

This study revealed a disproportionate cost for potentially avoidable hospitalizations for cardiometabolic conditions among LGB patients, suggesting important unmet healthcare needs even in the Canadian context of universal coverage.

Résumé

Objectifs

L’identité sexuelle a été reconnue comme un déterminant social de la santé. Cependant, les preuves sont limitées sur le statut de minorité sexuelle en tant que contributeur possible aux inégalités dans les résultats de santé cardiométabolique et le fardeau hospitalier connexe. Cette étude visait à étudier l’association entre l’identité sexuelle et les coûts d’hospitalisation pour les maladies cardiométaboliques parmi une cohorte de Canadiens à l’aide de données couplées d’enquête et administratives.

Méthodes

Les données de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes de 2007 à 2011 ont été reliées aux dossiers des patients hospitalisés en soins de courte durée de la Base de données sur les congés des patients de 2005–2006 à 2012–2013. Des modèles de régression linéaire multiple ont été utilisés pour évaluer l’association entre l’identité sexuelle autodéclarée et l’utilisation des ressources hospitalières pour des maladies cardiométaboliques.

Résultats

Parmi la population âgée de 18 à 59 ans, 2,1 % (IC à 95 % : 1,9–2,2) se sont identifiés comme lesbiennes, gais ou bisexuels (LGB). Les personnes LGB ont plus souvent déclaré vivre avec le diabète ou une maladie cardiaque que les hétérosexuels. Le coût moyen ajusté en fonction de l’inflation pour les hospitalisations liées à la cardiométabolie s’est avéré significativement plus élevé chez les patients LGB (26 702 $ CAN; IC à 95 % : 26 166–60 365) par rapport à leurs homologues hétérosexuels (10 137 $; IC à 95 % : 8 639–11 635), en partie le reflet de séjours hospitaliers plus longs (13,6 jours contre 5,1 jours). Les coûts des patients hospitalisés sont restés 54 % (IC à 95 % : 8–119) plus élevés chez les patients LGB après avoir contrôlé pour les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, l’état de santé et les comportements de santé.

Conclusion

Cette étude a révélé un coût disproportionné pour les hospitalisations potentiellement évitables pour des problèmes cardiométaboliques chez les patients LGB, suggérant d’importants besoins de soins de santé non satisfaits, même dans le contexte canadien de la couverture sanitaire universelle.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Austin, P. C., Daly, P. A., & Tu, J. V. (2002). A multicenter study of the coding accuracy of hospital discharge administrative data for patients admitted to cardiac care units in Ontario. American Heart Journal, 144(2), 290–296.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banack, H. R., Harper, S., & Kaufman, J. S. (2018). Accounting for selection bias in studies of acute cardiac events. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 34(6), 709–716.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beach, L. B., Elasy, T. A., & Gonzales, G. (2018). Prevalence of self-reported diabetes by sexual orientation: results from the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. LGBT Health, 5(2), 121–130.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blosnich, J. R., Farmer, G. W., Lee, J. G. L., Silenzio, V. M. B., & Bowen, D. J. (2014). Health inequalities among sexual minority adults: evidence from ten U.S. states, 2010. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(4), 337–349.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Booker, C. L., Rieger, G., & Unger, J. B. (2017). Sexual orientation health inequality: evidence from Understanding Society, the UK Longitudinal Household Study. Preventive Medicine, 101, 126–132.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, J., & Mustanski, B. (2014). Health disparities among sexual minority youth: the value of population data. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), 197.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Branstrom, R., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2016). Sexual orientation disparities in physical health: age and gender effects in a population-based study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51, 289–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, D. J., Ross, L. E., Dobinson, C., Veldhuizen, S., & Steele, L. S. (2010). Men’s sexual orientation and health in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 101(3), 255–258.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Buttigieg, S. C., Abela, L., & Pace, A. (2018). Variables affecting hospital length of stay: a scoping review. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 32(3), 463–493.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byg, B., Bazzi, A. R., Funk, D., James, B., & Potter, J. (2016). The utility of a syndemic framework in understanding chronic disease management among HIV-infected and type 2 diabetic men who have sex with men. Journal of Community Health, 41(6), 1204–1211.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caceres, B. A., Brody, A., Luscombe, R. E., Primiano, J. E., Marusca, P., et al. (2017). A systematic review of cardiovascular disease in sexual minorities. American Journal of Public Health, 107(4), e13–e21.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2009). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision. Ottawa: Canadian Institute for Health Information.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denier, N., & Waite, S. (2019). A research note on Canada’s LGBT data landscape: where we are and what the future holds. Canadian Review of Sociology, 56, 93–117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dharma, C., & Bauer, G. R. (2017). Understanding sexual orientation and health in Canada: who are we capturing and who are we missing using the Statistics Canada sexual orientation question? Canadian Journal of Public Health, 108(1), e21–e26.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. (2018). Diabetes Canada 2018 clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 42(Suppl 1), S1–S325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Kim, H. J., Barkan, S. E., Muraco, A., & Hoy-Ellis, C. P. (2013). Health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults: results from a population-based study. American Journal of Public Health, 103(10), 1802–1809. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301110.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Frost, D. M., Lehavot, K., & Meyer, I. H. (2015). Minority stress and physical health among sexual minority individuals. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38, 1–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gakidou, E., & King, G. (2006). Death by survey: estimating adult mortality without selection bias from sibling survival data. Demography, 43, 569–585.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, O. R., Segal, L., & McDermott, R. A. (2013). A systematic review of evidence on the association between hospitalisation for chronic disease related ambulatory care sensitive conditions and primary health care resourcing. BMC Health Services Research, 13(336), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glussich, A. (2015). Estimating costs of hospital stays. Ottawa: Canadian Institute for Health Information.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorantla, R. S., Nimmagadda, M., Potluri, S., Uppal, H., Chandran, S., & Potluri, R. (2015). Ethnic variations in length of hospital stay in patients with atrial fibrillation. International Journal of Cardiology, 187, 542–544.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, N., & Crouse, D. L. (2019). Social disparities in the risk of potentially avoidable hospitalization for diabetes mellitus: an analysis with linked census and hospital data. Canadian Studies in Population, 46(2), 145–159.

  • Gupta, N., & Sheng, Z. (2019). Sexual minority status and the hospital burden of cardiometabolic diseases: protocol for an observational study using linked survey and hospital data. Diabetes Population Health and Health Services Research Paper Series, No. 2019-01. Fredericton: University of New Brunswick. 

  • Jiang, J., Southern, D., Beck, C. A., James, M., Lu, M., & Quan, H. (2016). Validity of Canadian discharge abstract data for hypertension and diabetes from 2002 to 2013. CMAJ Open, 4(4), E646–E653. http://cmajopen.ca/content/4/4/E646.full. Accessed 7 Feb 2020.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., et al. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8(70). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-70.

  • Lemstra, M., Mackenbach, J., Neudorf, C., & Nannapaneni, U. (2009). High health care utilization and costs associated with lower socio-economic status: results from a linked dataset. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 100(3), 180–183.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Logie, C. (2012). The case for the World Health Organization’s Commission on the Social Determinants of Health to address sexual orientation. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), 1243–1246.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meads, C., Martin, A., Grierson, J., & Varney, J. (2018). Systematic review and meta-analysis of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and respiratory condition epidemiology in sexual minority women. BMJ Open, 8, e020776. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/4/e020776. Accessed 7 Feb 2020.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress and mental health in lesbian, gay and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Montori, V. M., Gandhi, G. Y., & Guyatt, G. H. (2007). Patient-important outcomes in diabetes—time for consensus. Lancet, 370, 1104–1106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto, A. D., Aratangy, T., Abramovich, A., Devotta, K., Nisenbaum, R., et al. (2019). Routine collection of sexual orientation and gender identity data: a mixed-methods study. CMAJ, 191(3), e63–e68. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.180839.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ramage-Morin, P. L., Gilmour, H., & Rotermann, M. (2017). Nutritional risk, hospitalization and mortality among community-dwelling Canadians aged 65 or older. Health Reports, 28(9), 17–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, C. E., Vasilenko, S. A., Fish, J. N., & Lanza, S. T. (2019). Sexual minority health disparities: an examination of age-related trends across adulthood in a national cross-sectional sample. Annals of Epidemiology, 31, 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.01.001.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sanmartin, C., Khan, S., LHAD research team. (2011). Hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC): the factors that matter. Health Research Working Paper Series, Catalogue No. 82-622-X, No. 007. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

  • Statistics Canada. (2004). Innovative methods for surveying difficult-to-reach populations. Statistics Canada international symposium series–proceedings of symposium 2004. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

  • Statistics Canada. (2017). Same-sex couples and sexual orientation... by the numbers. Ottawa: Government of Canada. https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/dai/smr08/2015/smr08_203_2015. Accessed 7 Feb 2020.

  • Statistics Canada. (2018). Canadian Community Health Survey data (2000 to 2011) linked to the Discharge Abstract Database (1999/2000–2012/2013). Ottawa: Government of Canada. https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/rdc/cencchs-dad. Accessed 7 Feb 2020.

  • Stinchcombe, A., Wilson, K., Kortes-Miller, K., Chambers, L., & Weaver, B. (2018). Physical and mental health inequalities among aging lesbian, gay, and bisexual Canadians: cross-sectional results from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). Canadian Journal of Public Health, 109(5–6), 833–844.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, S., & Wannell, B. (2009). Combining cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey. Health Reports, 20(1), 1–6. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2009001/article/10795-eng.htm. Accessed 7 Feb 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tjepkema, M. (2008). Health care use among gay, lesbian and bisexual Canadians. Health Reports, 19(1), 53–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trudeau, R. (2017). Social data linkage environment. International Journal of Population Data Science, 1(57). https://doi.org/10.23889/ijpds.v1i1.76.

  • Wolff, M., Wells, B., Ventura-DiPersia, C., Renson, A., & Grov, C. (2017). Measuring sexual orientation: a review and critique of U.S. data collection efforts and implications for health policy. Journal of Sex Research, 54(4–5), 507–531.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Rhiannon Thompson-Brown for research assistance with literature reviews. The data analysis was conducted at the New Brunswick Research Data Centre (NB-RDC), which is part of the Canadian Research Data Centre Network. The services and activities provided by the NB-RDC are made possible by the financial or in-kind support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, Statistics Canada, and the University of New Brunswick.

Funding

This study received financial support from Diabetes Canada, the New Brunswick Health Research Foundation, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of New Brunswick, and Diabetes Action Canada.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Neeru Gupta.

Ethics declarations

The funders and partners had no role in the study design, data analysis, results interpretation, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication. This study complied with the University of New Brunswick’s Research Ethics Board, which does not require an internal institutional review for research projects using data accessed through the NB-RDC.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gupta, N., Sheng, Z. Disparities in the hospital cost of cardiometabolic diseases among lesbian, gay, and bisexual Canadians: a population-based cohort study using linked data. Can J Public Health 111, 417–425 (2020). https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-020-00296-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-020-00296-4

Keywords

Mots-clés

Navigation