Skip to main content
Log in

Likelihood of meeting physical activity guidelines in rural and urban adults: cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey

  • Quantitative Research
  • Published:
Canadian Journal of Public Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objectives

The goal of this study was to compare the odds of meeting physical activity (PA) guidelines among adults living in rural and urban areas of Canada.

Methods

Data from the 2017 cycle of the Canadian Community Health Survey were analyzed using binomial logistic regression with a sample of 47,266 adults representing a survey-weighted total of 25,669,018. The odds of meeting PA guidelines were determined based on self-reported moderate-to-vigorous PA (<150 min per week or ≥150 min per week). Communities were categorized as urban or rural based on population size and density. Individual-level correlates included in the model were self-identified sex, age, body mass index, highest level of education, household income, perceived health, and sense of belonging to community.

Results

Approximately 56.6% of rural and 59.3% of urban adults reported meeting recommended PA levels when location was examined as a sole predictor. The best-fit model adjusted for all individual-level factors showed a significant sex × location interaction. Males in rural communities were more likely to report meeting PA guidelines (odds = 0.90 or 47.4%) than males in urban areas (odds = 0.78 or 43.8%), whereas females living in rural communities (odds = 0.58 or 36.7%) were less likely to report meeting PA guidelines than females in urban areas (odds = 0.65 or 39.4%).

Conclusion

The association between rural-urban residence and meeting PA guidelines appears to be contingent on self-identified sex differences. Future work should explore how gender- and location-related variables interact to influence self-reported PA engagement.

Résumé

Objectifs

Le but de cette étude était de comparer les probabilités de respecter les recommandations en matière d’activité physique (AP) liées à la santé de la population chez les adultes vivant dans les communautés rurales et urbaines du Canada.

Méthodes

Les données du cycle 2017 de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes ont été analysées à l’aide de régressions logistiques binomiales avec un échantillon pondéré de 47 266 participants adultes représentant 25 669 018 adultes. Les probabilités de respecter les lignes directrices de l’AP ont été déterminées en fonction de l’AP modérée à vigoureuse déclarée (<150 minutes par semaine ou ≥150 minutes par semaine) et les communautés ont été classées comme urbaines ou rurales selon la taille et la densité de la population. Les corrélats au niveau individuel inclus dans le modèle étaient les suivants : sexe auto-identifié, âge, indice de masse corporelle, niveau de scolarité le plus élevé, revenu du ménage, état de santé autoévalué et sentiment d’appartenance à la communauté.

Résultats

Environ 56,6 % des adultes vivant en milieu rural et 59,3 % des adultes en milieu urbain ont déclaré avoir atteint les niveaux d’AP recommandés lorsque l’emplacement a été examiné comme seul prédicteur de l’activité. Le meilleur modèle après ajustement pour tous les facteurs au niveau individuel a révélé une interaction significative entre les variables sexe x emplacement. Les hommes des communautés rurales étaient plus susceptibles de déclarer respecter les directives d’AP (odds = 0,90 ou 47,4 %) que ceux des zones urbaines (odds = 0,78 ou 43,8 %), tandis que les femmes vivant dans les communautés rurales (odds = 0,58 ou 36,7 %) étaient moins susceptibles de déclarer avoir respecté les directives d’AP par rapport à celles des communautés urbaines (odds = 0,65 ou 39,4 %).

Conclusion

L’association entre la ruralité d’une communauté et la déclaration des AP semble dépendre des différences sexuelles auto-identifiées. Les travaux futurs devraient explorer comment les variables liées au sexe et au lieu interagissent pour influencer la participation rapportée des Canadiens aux taux AP rapportés.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Access to these data is through Statistics Canada.

Notes

  1. Note that the optimal fitted regression model is anchored to activity in the winter season (data collection period January–March), accounting for the generally lower rates of physical activity participation in the final fitted model in comparison with the base model.

References

  • Carnahan, L. R., Zimmermann, K., Khare, M. M., Paulsey, E., Molina, Y., Wilbur, J., & Geller, S. E. (2018). Physical activity and masculinity in rural men: A qualitative study of men recruited from churches. Health Education Research, 33(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyy002.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J., Colley, R., Janssen, I. & Tremblay, M.S. (2019). Accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of Canadian adults, 2007 to 2017. Statistics Canada Health Reports. https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x201900800001-eng. Accessed 13 Oct 2020.

  • Cleland, V. J., Ball, K., King, A. C., & Crawford, D. (2012). Do the individual, social, and environmental correlates of physical activity differ between urban and rural women? Environment & Behavior, 44(3), 350–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colley, R. C., Butler, G., Garriguet, D., Prince, S. A., & Roberts, K. C. (2018). Comparison of self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity in Canadian adults. Health Reports, 29(12), 3–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, J. X., Wen, M., & Kowaleski-Jones, L. (2014). Rural-urban differences in objective and subjective measures of physical activity: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006. Preventing Chronic Disease, 11, E141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, C. C., Yu, Z. M., Cui, Y., DeClercq, V., Grandy, S. A., Parker, L., Sweeney, E., Dummer, T. J. B., & Keats, M. R. (2020). Rural-urban disparities in total physical activity, body composition, and related health indicators: An Atlantic PATH Study. The Journal of Rural Health, 36(1), 111–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gavarkovs, A. G., Burke, S. M., & Petrella, R. J. (2017). The physical activity–related barriers and facilitators perceived by men living in rural communities. American Journal of Men's Health, 11(4), 1130–1132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorber, S. C., Tremblay, M., Moher, D., & Gorber, B. (2007). A comparison of direct vs. self-report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 8(4), 307–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00347.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiebert, B., Leipert, B., Regan, S., & Burkell, J. (2018). Rural men’s health, health information seeking, and gender identities: A conceptual theoretical review of the literature. American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(4), 863–876. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988316649177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, M. S., Newsom, J. T., McFarland, B. H., & Lu, L. (2001). Demographic and psychosocial correlates of physical activity in late life. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 21(4), 306–312.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGannon, K. R., Busanich, R., Witcher, C. S., & Schinke, R. J. (2014). A social ecological exploration of physical activity influences among rural men and women across life stages. Qualitative research in sport, exercise and health, 6(4), 517–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merchant, A. T., Dehghan, M., & Akhtar-Danesh, N. (2007). Seasonal variation in leisure-time physical activity among Canadians. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 98, 203–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03403713.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pan, S.Y., Cameron, C., DesMeules, M. et al. (2009). Individual, social, environmental, and physical environmental correlates with physical activity among Canadians: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-21.

  • Parks, S. E., Housemann, R. A., & Brownson, R. C. (2003). Differential correlates of physical activity in urban and rural adults of various socioeconomic backgrounds in the United States. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 57(1), 29–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, K. A., Cleland, V., Venn, A., Blizzard, L., & Gall, S. (2014). A cross-sectional study of geographic differences in health risk factors among young Australian adults: The role of socioeconomic position. BMC Public Health, 14, 1278. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1278.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Perrin, A. J., Caren, N., Skinner, A. C., Odulana, A., & Perrin, E. M. (2016). The unbuilt environment: Culture moderates the built environment for physical activity. BMC public health, 16(1), 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plotnikoff, R. C., Mayhew, A., Birkett, N., Loucaides, C. A., & Fodor, G. (2004). Age, gender, and urban–rural differences in the correlates of physical activity. Preventive Medicine, 39(6), 1115–1125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, R. E., Saelens, B. E., & Sauvage-Mar, C. (2018). Understanding physical activity through interactions between the built environment and social cognition: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 48(8), 1893–1912.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sriram, U., Morgan, E. H., Graham, M. L., Folta, S. C., & Seguin, R. A. (2018). Support and sabotage: A qualitative study of influences on health behaviors among rural adults. Journal of Rural Health, 34(1), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada. (2018). 2018 Canadian Community Health Survey user guide. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

  • Tremblay, M. S., Warburton, D. E., Janssen, I., Paterson, D., Latimer, A. E., Rhodes, R. E., Kho, M. E., Hicks, A., LeBlanc, A. G., Zehr, L., Murumets, K., & Duggan, M. (2011). New Canadian physical activity guidelines. Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism, 36(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1139/H11-009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trost, S. G., Bauman, A. E., Sallis, J. F., & Brown, W. (2002). Correlates of adults’ participation in physical activity: Review and update. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(12), 1996–2001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warburton, D. E. R., & Bredin, S. S. D. (2017). Health benefits of physical activity: A systematic review of current systematic reviews. Current Opinions in Cardiology, 32(2), 541–556. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, S., Castro, C., King, A. C., Housemann, R., & Brownson, R. C. (2000). Determinants of leisure time physical activity in rural compared with urban older and ethnically diverse women in the United States. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 54(9), 667–672.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witcher, C. S., Holt, N. L., Young, W., Blanchard, C., Murnaghan, D., & Spence, J. C. (2016). Physical activity perceptions and influences among older adults in rural Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Aging, 35(1), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980815000598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yip, C., Sarma, S., & Wilk, P. (2016). The association between social cohesion and physical activity in Canada: A multilevel analysis. SSM-population health, 2, 718–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z. (2016). Residuals and regression diagnostics: Focusing on logistic regression. Annals of Translational Medicine, 4(10), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2016.03.36.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Code availability

The syntax used in this analysis may be available upon reasonable request.

Funding

This study was funded by a Research Data Centre award from the University of Northern British Columbia.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

All the authors were involved in conception and design of the study. Statistical analysis was completed by NW. CP led the preparation of the manuscript, which was reviewed by all authors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chelsea A. Pelletier.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) data were obtained through the Research Data Centre at the University of Northern British Columbia according to guidelines established by Statistics Canada.

Consent to participate

All participants who complete the Canadian Community Health Survey provide informed consent.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pelletier, C.A., White, N., Duchesne, A. et al. Likelihood of meeting physical activity guidelines in rural and urban adults: cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey. Can J Public Health 112, 748–757 (2021). https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-021-00507-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-021-00507-6

Keywords

Mots-clés

Navigation