Abstract—
In the present article, we argue a choice of a modifier (filler) for an epoxy binder, namely, carbon nanotubes. The solid-state epoxy adhesive obtained by modification is a 3-phase nanocomposite, where the matrix is epoxy resin, the filler is nanotubes, and the contact layer is the domain of the epoxy resin, molecules of which have been undergone conformation. Next, the effective deformation characteristics of such an epoxy adhesive have been determined using experimental and theoretical methods. We claim that the asymptotic averaging method, which is only one with rigorous mathematical justification, gives results being in a good agreement with experimental ones (discrepancy of ~3.4%).
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
R. A. Andrievskii, “Nanomaterials: concept and modern problems,” Ros. Khim. Zh. 46 (5), 50–56 (2002).
D. Qian, E. C. Dickey, R. Andrews, and T. Rantell, “Load transfer and deformation mechanisms in carbon nanotube-polystyrene composites,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2868–2870 (2000).
M. J. Biercuk, M. C. Llaguno, M. Radosavljevic, et al., “Carbon nanotubes composites for thermal management,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 2767 (2002).
M. Cadek, J. N. Coleman, V. Barron, et al., “Morphological and mechanical properties of carbon-nanotube-reinforced semicrystalline and amorphous polymer composites,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 5123–5125 (2002).
R. Andrews, D. Jacques, M. Minot, and T. Rantell, “Fabrication of carbon multiwall nanotube/polymer composites by shear mixing,” Macromol. Mater. Eng. 287, 395–403 (2002).
G. Mittal, V. Dhand, K.Y.Rhee, et al., “A review on carbon nanotubes and graphene as fillers in reinforced polymer nanocomposites,” J. Industrial Eng. Chem. 21, 11–25 (2015).
V. D. Vermel, S. A. Titov, Yu. V. Kornev, et al., “Nanomodified adhesive composition for aeronautical structures based on polymer composite materials,” in Collection of Articles“The results of basic research in applied problems of the aircraft industry”, Ed. by S. L. Chernyshev (Nauka, Moscow, 2016), pp. 488–497.
Farzana Hussain, Mehdi Hojjati, Masami Okamoto and Russell E. Gorga, “Review article: polymermatrix nanocomposites, processing, manufacturing, and application,” J. Compos. Mater. 40, 1511 (2006).
Yu. G. Yanovsky, O. B. Yumashev, Y. V. Kornev, et al., “Some prospects for the use of carbon nanotubes as functional additives in elastomer composites,” Int. J. Nanomech. Sci. Technol. 2 (3), 185–203 (2011).
Y. V. Kornev, Yu. G. Yanovskiy, O. V. Boiko, et al., “The effect of carbon nanotubes on the properties of elastomeric materials filled with the mineral shungite,” Int. Polymer Sci. Technol. 40 (2), 29–32 (2013).
Yu. G. Yanovsky, F. V. Grigoryev, E. A. Nikitina, et al., “Nanomechanical properties of polymer composite nanoclusters,” Phys. Mesomech. 11 (5–6), 247–259 (2008).
C. Anthony, Fisher-Cripps Nanoindentation (Springer-Verlag, New York, 2002).
W. C. Oliver and G. M. Pharr, “An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments,” J. Mater. Res. 7 (6), 1564–1583 (1992).
Yu. I. Golovin, “Nanoindentation and mechanical properties of solids in submicrovolumes, thin nearsurface layers and films: A Review,” Phys. Solid State 50 (12), 2205–2236 (2008).
D. Tranchida, S. Piccarolo, J. Loos, and A. Alexeev, “Mechanical characterization of polymers on a nanometer scale through nanoindentation. A study on pile-up and viscoelasticity,” Macromol. 40 (4), 1259–1267 (2007).
D. Tranchida, S. Piccarolo, J. Loos, and A. Alexeev, “Accurately evaluating Young’s modulus of polymers through nanoindentations: A phenomenological correction factor to the Oliver and Pharr procedure,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 (17), 171905 (2006).
M. L. Oyen and R. F. Cook, “Load-displacement behavior during sharp indentation of viscous-elasticplastic materials,” J. Mater. Res. 18 (1), 139–150 (2003).
N. Punich, Sun Yong, “Improved method to determine the hardness and elastic moduli using nanoindentation, ” KMITL Sci. J. 5 (2), 483–492 (2005).
V. D. Vermel, S. A. Titov, Y. V. Kornev, et al., “Nanomodified adhesive composition for aeronautical structures based on polymer composite material,” American J. Appl. Sci. 13 (3), 267–275 (2016).
I. V. Dolbin, G. V. Kozlov, Yu. N. Karnet, and A. N. Vlasov, “The mechanism of interphase regions growth in nanocomposites polymer/carbon nanotubes,” Compos.: Mech. Comput. Appl. Int. J. 9 (1), 213–220 (2019).
F. Family, “Fractal dimension and grand universality of critical phenomena,” J. Stat. Phys. 36 (5/6), 881–896 (1984).
V. N. Shogenov and G. V. Kozlov, Fractal clusters in physical chemistry of polymers (Poligrafservis i T, Nalchik, 2002) [in Russian].
G. V. Kozlov and I. V. Dolbin, “The simulation of carbon nanotubes as macromolecular coils: interfacial adhesion,” Mater. Phys. Mech. 32 (2), 103–107 (2017).
R. Rammal and G. Toulouse, “Random walks on fractal structures and percolation clusters,” J. Phys. Lett. 44 (1), L13–L22 (1983).
T. A. Witten, M. Rubinstein, and R. H. Colby, “Reinforcement of rubber by fractal aggregates,” J. Phys. II France. 3 (3), 367–383 (1993).
D. W. Schaefer and R. S. Justice, “How are nanocomposites?” Macromolecules 40 (24), 8501–8517 (2007).
M. Moniruzzaman and K. I. Winey, “Polymer nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes,” Macromolecules 39 (16), 5194–5205 (2006).
M. Cadek, J. N. Coleman, K. P. Ryan, et al., “Reinforcement of polymers with carbon nanotubes: the role of nanotube surface area,” Nano Lett. 4 (2), 353–356 (2004).
J. N. Coleman, M. Cadek, K. P. Ryan, et al., “Reinforcement of polymers with carbon nanotubes. The role of an ordered polymer interfacial region. Experiment and modeling,” Polymer 47 (23), 8556–8561 (2006).
L. B. Atlukhanova, Yu. N. Karnet, and G. V. Kozlov, “The modulus of elasticity of polymer matrix for nanocomposites polyurethane/carbon nanotube,” Mekh. Kompozit. Mater. Konstr. 24 (4), 634–643 (2018).
R. M. Christensen, Introduction to Mechanics of Composite Materials (Wiley, New York, 1979).
R. M. Christensen and K. H. Lo, “Solutions for effective shear properties in three phase sphere and cylinder models,” J. Mech. Phys. Solids 27, 315–330 (1979).
N. S. Bakhvalov and G. P. Panasenko, Homogenization of Processes in Periodic Media (Nauka, Moscow, 1984) [in Russian].
D. B. Volkov-Bogorodskij, “Radial multipliers method in mechanics of inhomogeneous media with multi-layered inclusions,” Mekh. Kompozit. Mater. Konstr. 22 (1), 19–39 (2016).
Funding
This study was performed as a part of a state assignment, registration number AAAA-A19-119012290177-0.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Translated by A. A. Borimova
About this article
Cite this article
Vlasov, A.N., Volkov-Bogorodskii, D.B. & Kornev, Y.V. Influence of Carbon Additives on Mechanical Characteristics of an Epoxy Binder. Mech. Solids 55, 377–386 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3103/S0025654420030176
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0025654420030176