Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Military Clothing and Protective Material: Protection at the Limits of Physiological Regulation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Mechanobiology and Mechanophysiology of Military-Related Injuries

Part of the book series: Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials ((SMTEB,volume 19))

Abstract

Contemporary military environments almost invariably require the use of personal protective clothing and equipment, and the burden accompanying its use can sometimes challenge the integrated regulation of critical physiological variables, pushing some individuals to the limits of regulation. Indeed, it is not uncommon for work to be prematurely terminated due to cardiovascular insufficiency. In such states, operational capability is reduced. In this Chapter, four topics will be addressed, including the impact of battle-dress uniforms, ballistic protection, undergarment moisture management, and chemical and biological protection. The principal emphasis is upon thermal and cardiovascular regulation in the person-clothing-environment system. For battle-dress uniforms, body heat storage is modelled using thermodynamics algorithms, with a three-dimensional summary presented to identify combinations of work rates and thermal exposures that yield positive heat storage. When ballistic protection is considered, one must evaluate both the impact of the added mass and the impediment it presents for dry and evaporative heat exchanges. Various moisture management practices are being marketed to address these matters. However, evidence will be presented that these do not offer measurable thermoregulatory or perceptual benefits when used beneath battle dress and ballistic protection in operational simulations. Finally, the most stressful scenario relates to protecting individuals from chemical, biological and radiological challenges. Indeed, working in such encapsulating ensembles can only be tolerated for short durations without supplementary cooling.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Barcroft, H., Edholm, O.G.: On the vasodilatation in human skeletal muscle during post-haemorrhagic fainting. J. Physiol. 104, 161–175 (1945)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bass, D.E., Kleeman, C.R., Quinn, M., Henschel, A., Hegnauer, A.H.: Mechanisms of acclimatization to heat in man. Medicine 34, 323–380 (1955)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bazett, H.C., McGlone, B.: Temperature gradients in the tissues of man. Am. J. Physiol. 82, 415–451 (1927)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Belding, H.S., Hatch, T.F.: Index for evaluating heat stress in terms of resulting physiological strain. Heating, Piping, and Air Conditioning 27, 129–136 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Benedict, F.G., Miles, W.R., Johnson, A.: The temperature of the human skin. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 5, 218–222 (1919)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Bernard, C.: Leçons sur la chaleur animale, sur les effets de la chaleur et sur la fièvre. J.-B. Baillière et Fils, Paris (1876)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bobbert, A.C.: Energy expenditure in level and grade walking. J. Appl. Physiol. 15, 1015–1021 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bouskill, L.M., Havenith, G., Kuklane, K., Parsons, K.C., Withey, W.R.: Relationship between clothing ventilation and thermal insulation. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 63, 262–268 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Caldwell, J.N., Engelen, L., van der Henst, C., Patterson, M.J., Taylor, N.A.S.: Exercising in combat armour and helmets in hot-humid conditions: the straw that broke the camel’s back. In: Mekjavic, I.B., Kounalakis, S.N., Taylor, N.A.S. (eds.) Environmental Ergonomics XII, pp. 233–235. Biomed d.o.o, Ljubljana (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Caldwell, J.N., Engelen, L., van der Henst, C., Patterson, M.J., Taylor, N.A.S.: The interaction of body armour, low-intensity exercise, and hot-humid conditions on physiological strain and cognitive function. Mil. Med. 176, 488–493 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Caldwell, J.N., Patterson, M.J., Taylor, N.A.S.: Auxiliary cooling during an exercising heat stress: physiological and cognitive functions. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 112, 3597–3606 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Caldwell, J.N., Taylor, N.A.S.: A first-principles evaluation of auxiliary cooling for ADF personnel. UOW-HPL-Report-020, pp. 1–47. Human Performance Laboratories, University of Wollongong (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Caldwell, J.N., Williams, Y.C., Patterson, M.J., Taylor, N.A.S.: Heat and moisture transmission of chemical and biological clothing and its physiological impact. In: Mekjavic, I.B., Kounalakis, S.N., Taylor, N.A.S. (eds.) Environmental Ergonomics XII, pp. 236–239. Biomed d.o.o, Ljubljana (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Caldwell, J.N., Williams, Y.C., Taylor, N.A.S.: Chemical and biological clothing: thermal consequences of varying the heat and moisture transmission properties of personal protective ensembles. UOW-HPL-Report-023, pp. 1–20. Human Performance Laboratories, University of Wollongong, Australia (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Cannon, W.B.: Organisation for physiological homeostasis. Physiol. Rev. 9, 399–431 (1929)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Cavagna, G.A., Kaneko, M.: Mechanical work and efficiency in level walking and running. J. Physiol. 268, 467–481 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Cheuvront, S.N., Kolka, M.A., Cadarette, B.S., Montain, S.J., Sawka, M.N.: Efficacy of intermittent, regional microclimate cooling. J. Appl. Physiol. 94, 1841–1848 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Coyle, E.F., González-Alonso, J.: Cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise: new perspectives. Exerc. Sports Sci. Rev. 29, 88–92 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Dai, X., Havenith, G.: Effect of clothing ventilation on thermal insulation and vapor resistance. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, pp. 83–87. Boston 2nd–7th Aug 2009

    Google Scholar 

  20. Daniels, F.J., Vanderbie, J.H., Bommarito, C.L.: Energy cost of load carrying on a treadmill. Fed. Proc. 11, 30 (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Danielsson, U.,Bergh, U. Body armour.: Effects on performance and physical load. In: Holmér, I., Kuklane, K., Gao, C (eds.) Environmental Ergonomics XI. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, pp. 111–114 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Datta, S.R., Ramanathan, N.L.: Ergonomic comparison of seven modes of carrying loads on the horizontal plane. Ergonomics 14, 269–278 (1971)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Dorman, L.E., Havenith, G.: The effects of protective clothing on energy consumption during different activities. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 105, 463–470 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Epstein, Y., Shapiro, Y., Brill, S.: Comparison between different auxiliary cooling devices in a severe hot/dry climate. Ergonomics 29, 41–48 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Epstein, Y., Heled, Y., Ketko, I., Muginshtein, J., Yanovich, R., Druyan, A., Moran, D.S.: The effect of air permeability characteristics of protective garments on the induced physiological strain under exercise-heat stress. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 57, 866–874 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Farnworth, B.: A numerical-model of the combined diffusion of heat and water vapor through clothing. Text. Res. J. 56, 653–665 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Fogarty, A.L., Armstrong, K.A., Gordon, C.J., Groeller, H., Woods, B.F., Stocks, J.M., Taylor, N.A.S.: Cardiovascular and thermal consequences of protective clothing: a comparison of clothed and unclothed states. Ergonomics 47, 1073–1086 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Fogarty, A.L., Sinclair, W.H., Rudzki, S., Patterson, M.J. Influence of undershirt type on physiological responses while exercising in the heat. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, pp. 80–82. Boston 2nd–7th August 2009

    Google Scholar 

  29. Froom, P., Shochat, I., Strichman, L., Cohen, A., Epstein, Y.: Heat stress on helicopter pilots during ground standby. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 62, 978–981 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Gagge, A.P., Nishi, Y. Heat exchange between human skin surface and thermal environment. Comprehensive Physiology, Supplement 26: Handbook of Physiology, Reactions to Environmental Agents, pp. 69–92 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Goldman, R.F.: Prediction of human heat tolerance. In: Folinsbee, L.J., Wagner, J.A., Borgia, J.F., Drinkwater, B.L., Gliner, J.A., Bedi, J.F. Environmental stress: individual human adaptations, pp. 53–69. Academic Press, New York (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Goldman, R.F. Heat stress in industrial protective encapsulating garments. In: Martin, W.F., Levine, S.P. (eds.). Protecting personnel at hazardous waste sites, pp. 258–315. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Goldman, R.F.: Introduction to heat-related problems in military operations. In: Pandolf, K.B., Burr, R.E., Wenger, C.B., Pozos, R.S. (eds.). Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments, vol. 1. In: Zajtchuk, R., Bellamy, R.F. (eds.). Textbook of Military Medicine, pp. 3–49. Department of the Army, Office of the Surgeon General, and Borden Institute, Washington, DC (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Goldman, R.F., Iampietro, P.F.: Energy cost of load carriage. J. Appl. Physiol. 17, 675–676 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Goldman, R.F., Kampmann, B. Handbook on Clothing—Biomedical Effects of Military Clothing and Equipment Systems, 2nd edn. NATO Research Study Group 7 on Bio-Medical Research Aspects of Military Protective Clothing (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Gonzalez, R.R.: Biophysics of heat transfer and clothing considerations. In: Pandolf, K.B., Sawka, M.N., Gonzalez, R.R. (eds.) Human Performance Physiology and Environmental Medicine in Terrestrial Extremes, pp. 45–95. Benchmark Press, Indianapolis, USA (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Gonzalez, R.R., Pandolf, K.B., Gagge, A.P.: Physiological responses and warm discomfort during heat strain. Arch. des Sci. Physiol. 27, A563–A571 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hales, J.R.S., Hubbard, R.W., Gaffin S.L.: Limitation of heat tolerance. Comprehensive Physiology, Supplement 14: Handbook of Physiology, Environmental Physiology, pp. 285–355 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Halliwill, J.R., Sieck, D.C., Romero, S.A., Buck, T.M., Ely, M.R.: Blood pressure regulation X: what happens when the muscle pump is lost? Post-exercise hypotension and syncope. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 114, 561–578 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Havenith, G., Bröde, P., Candas, V., den Hartog, E., Holmér, I., Kuklane, K., Meinander, H., Nocker, W., Richards, M., Wang, X. Evaporative cooling in protective clothing: efficiency in relation to distance from skin. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, pp. 20–24., Boston 2nd–7th August 2009

    Google Scholar 

  41. Havenith, G., Heus, R., Lotens, W.A.: Resultant clothing insulation: a function of body movement, posture, wind, clothing fit and ensemble thickness. Ergonomics 33, 67–84 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Havenith, G., Richards, M.G., Wang, X., Bröde, P., Candas, V., den Hartog, E., Holmér, I., Kuklane, K., Meinander, H., Nocker, W.: Apparent latent heat of evaporation from clothing: attenuation and “heat pipe” effects. J. Appl. Physiol. 104, 142–149 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Heled, Y., Epstein, Y., Moran, D.S.: Heat strain attenuation while wearing NBC clothing: dry-ice vest compared to water spray. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 75, 391–396 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ichinose, M., Maeda, S., Kondo, N., Nishiyasu, T.: Blood pressure regulation II: what happens when one system must serve two masters—oxygen delivery and pressure regulation? Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 114, 451–465 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Keiser, C., Rossi, R.M.: Temperature analysis for the prediction of steam formation and transfer in multilayer thermal protective clothing at low level thermal radiation. Text. Res. J. 78, 1025–1035 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Kenney, W.L., Stanhewicz, A.E., Bruning, R.S., Alexander, L.M.: Blood pressure regulation III: what happens when one system must serve two masters: temperature and pressure regulation? Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 114, 467–479 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Krediet, C.T.P., Wilde, A.A., Wieling, W., Halliwill, J.R.: Exercise related syncope, when it’s not the heart. Clin. Auton. Res. 14(Suppl 1), 25–36 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Kuklane, K., Gao, C., Wang, F., Holmér, I.: Parallel and serial methods of calculating thermal insulation in European manikin standards. Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon. 18, 171–179 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Lawson, L.K., Crown, E.M., Ackerman, M.Y., Dale, J.D.: Moisture effects in heat transfer through clothing systems for wildland firefighters. Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon. 10, 227–238 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Lee, J.-Y., Yamamoto, Y., Oe, R., Son, S.-Y., Wakabayashi, H., Tochihara, Y.: The European, Japanese and US protective helmet, gloves and boots for firefighters: thermoregulatory and psychological evaluations. Ergonomics 57, 1213–1221 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Legg, S.J., Mahanty, A.: Energy cost of backpacking in heavy boots. Ergonomics 29, 433–438 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Levine, L., Sawka, M.N., Gonzalez, R.R.: Evaluation of clothing systems to determine heat strain. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 59, 557–562 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Lotens, W.A., Havenith, G.: Calculation of clothing insulation and vapour resistance. Ergonomics 34, 233–254 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Lotens, W.A., Havenith, G.: Effects of moisture absorption in clothing on the human heat balance. Ergonomics 38, 1092–1113 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Lotens, W.A., Wammes, L.J.A.: Vapour transfer in two-layer clothing due to diffusion and ventilation. Ergonomics 36, 1223–1240 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Majundar, D., Srivastava, K.K., Purkayastha, S.S., Pichan, G., Selvamurthy, W.: Physiological effects of wearing heavy body armour on male soldiers. Int. J Ind. Ergon. 20, 155–161 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. McLellan, T.M.: Chemical-biological protective clothing: effects of design and initial state on physiological strain. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 79, 500–508 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. McLellan, T.M., Bell, D.G., Dix, J.K.: Heat strain with combat clothing worn over a chemical defence (CD) vapour protective layer. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 65, 757–763 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  59. McLellan, T.M., Daanen, H.A.M., Cheung, S.S.: Encapsulated environment. Comprehensive. Physiology 3, 1363–1391 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  60. McLellan, T.M., Meunier, P., Livingstone, S.: Influence of a new vapour protective clothing layer on physical work tolerance times and 40 °C. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 63, 107–113 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Morel, A., Bedek, G., Salaün, F., Dupont, D.: A review of heat transfer phenomena and the impact of moisture on firefighters’ clothing and protection. Ergonomics 57, 1078–1089 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Myers, M.J., Steudel, K.: Effect of limb mass and its distribution on the energetic cost of running. J. Exp. Biol. 116, 363–373 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Noakes, T.D.: A modern classification of the exercise-related heat illnesses. J. Sci. Med. Sport 11, 33–39 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Nunneley, S.A.: Heat stress in protective clothing: interactions among physical and physiological factors. Scand. J. Work, Environ. Health 15(Suppl 1), 52–57 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  65. Nunneley, S.A., Maldonado, R.J.: Head and/or torso cooling during simulated cockpit heat stress. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 54, 496–499 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Nunneley, S.A., Myhre, L.G.: Physiological effects of solar heat load in a fighter cockpit. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 47, 969–973 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  67. O’Brien, C., Blanchard, L.A., Cadarette, B.S., Endrusick, T.L., Xu, X., Berglund, L.G., Sawka, M.N., Hoyt, R.W.: Methods of evaluating protective clothing relative to heat and cold stress: thermal manikin, biomedical modeling, and human testing. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 8, 588–599 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. O’Callaghan, P.W., Probert, S.D.: Thermal resistance behaviour of single and multiple layers of clothing fabrics under mechanical load. Appl. Energy 3, 3–12 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Pandolf, K.B., Goldman, R.F.: Convergence of skin and rectal temperatures as a criterion for heat tolerance. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 49, 1095–1101 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Parkes, E.A.: A Manual of Practical Hygiene, for use in the Medical Services of the Army, 3rd edn. Taylor and Francis Limited, London (1869)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Périard, J.D., Cramer, M.N., Chapman, P.G., Caillaud, C., Thompson, M.W.: Cardiovascular strain impairs prolonged self-paced exercise in the heat. Exp. Physiol. 96, 134–144 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Rowell, L.B.: Competition between skin and muscle for blood flow during exercise. In: Nadel, E.R. (ed.) Problems with Temperature Regulation During Exercise, pp. 49–77. Academic Press, New York (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Saunders, A.G., Dugas, J.P., Tucker, R., Lambert, M.I., Noakes, T.D.: The effects of different air velocities on heat storage and body temperature in humans cycling in a hot, humid environment. Acta Physiol. Scan. 183, 241–255 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Scheuplein, R.J., Blank, I.H.: Permeability of the skin. Physiol. Rev. 51, 702–747 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  75. Shapiro, Y., Pandolf, K., Sawka, M., Toner, M., Winsmann, F., Goldman, R.: Auxiliary cooling: comparison of air-cooled vs. water-cooled vests in hot-dry and hot-wet environments. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 53, 785–789 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  76. Soule, R.G., Goldman, R.F.: Energy cost of loads carried on the head, hands, or feet. J. Appl. Physiol. 27, 687–690 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Taylor, N.A.S.: Challenges to temperature regulation when working in hot environments. Ind. Health 44, 331–344 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Taylor, N.A.S.: Human heat adaptation. Comprehensive. Physiology 4, 325–365 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  79. Taylor, C.R., Heglund, N.C., McMahon, T.A., Looney, T.R.: Energetic cost of generating muscular force during running: a comparison of large and small animals. J. Exp. Biol. 86, 9–18 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  80. Taylor, N.A.S., Lewis, M.C., Notley, S.R., Peoples, G.E: A fractionation of the physiological burden of the personal protective equipment worn by firefighters. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 112, 2913–2921 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Taylor, N.A.S., Machado-Moreira, C.A.: Regional variations in transepidermal water loss, eccrine sweat gland density, sweat secretion rates and electrolyte composition in resting and exercising humans. Extreme Physiol. Med. 2, 4 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Taylor, N.A.S., Tipton, M.J., Kenny, G.P.: Considerations for the measurement of deep-body, skin and mean body temperatures. J. Therm. Biol. (2014). [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.10.006

  83. Teitlebaum, A., Goldman, R.F.: Increased energy cost with multiple clothing layers. J. Appl. Physiol. 32, 743–744 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  84. van den Heuvel, A.M.J., Caldwell, J.N., Patterson, M.J., Taylor, N.A.S.: Physiological impact of first-responder chemical, biological and radiological protective ensembles. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, pp. 39–43. Boston 2nd–7th August 2009

    Google Scholar 

  85. van den Heuvel, A.M.J., Caldwell, J.N., Taylor, N.A.S. Heat retention characteristics of three first-responder chemical, biological and radiological protective ensembles. UOW-HPL-Report-030, pp. 1–21. Human Performance Laboratories, University of Wollongong, Australia (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  86. van den Heuvel, A.M.J., Kerry, P., van der Velde, J.H.P.M., Patterson, M.J., Taylor, N.A.S.: Torso undergarments: their merit in clothed and armoured individuals in hot-dry conditions. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 81, 1107–1113 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. van den Heuvel, A.M.J., van Dijk, W., Notley, S.R., Patterson, M.J., Peoples, G.E., Taylor, N.A.S.: Physiological strain associated with wearing body armour of increasing ballistic protection. In: Kounalakis, S.N., Koskolou, M. (eds.). Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, pp. 266–268. Nafplio 10th–15th July 2011

    Google Scholar 

  88. van den Heuvel, A.M.J., van Dijk, W., Notley, S.R., Taylor, N.A.S.: The effect of a four-tier body armour system on body-heat retention and physiological strain. UOW-CHAP-HPL-Report-040, pp. 1–21. Human Performance Laboratories, University of Wollongong, Australia (2010b)

    Google Scholar 

  89. Vogt, J.J., Meyer, J.P., Candas, V., Libert, J.P., Sagot, J.C.: Pumping effects on thermal insulation of clothing worn by human subjects. Ergonomics 26, 963–974 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Werner, J., Mekjavic, I.B., Taylor, N.A.S.: Concepts in physiological regulation: a thermoregulatory perspective. In: Taylor, N.A.S., Groeller, H. (eds.) Physiological Bases of Human Performance During Work and Exercise, pp. 325–340. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  91. White, M.K., Vercruyssen, M., Hodous, T.K.: Work tolerance and subjective responses to wearing protective clothing and respirators during physical work. Ergonomics 32, 1111–1123 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Wood, J.E., Bass, D.E.: Responses of the veins and arterioles of the forearm to walking during acclimatization to heat in man. J. Clin. Invest. 39, 825–833 (1960)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Woodcock, A.H.: Moisture Permeability Index—a New Index for Describing Evaporative Heat Transfer Through Fabric Systems. Environmental Protection Research Division, Technical report EP-149. Quartermaster Research & Engineering Command, U.S. Army, Natick (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  94. Yasuda, T., Miyama, M., Muramoto, A., Yasuda, H.: Dynamic water vapour and heat transport through layered fabrics. Part III: Surface temperature change. Text. Res. J. 64, 457–461 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Zuntz, N., Schumburg, W.A.E.F.: Studien zu einer Physiologie des Marsches. Hirschwald, Berlin (1901)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The invaluable contributions from the dedicated and enthusiastic students and colleagues of the authors, particularly Joanne Caldwell, Alison Fogarty and Anne van den Heuvel, are acknowledged and greatly appreciated. Research from the authors’ laboratories summarised in this communication was supported by funding from the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (Australia) and Fire & Rescue New South Wales (Australia). The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors, and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Defence Science and Technology Organisation, or the Australian Government.

Conflict of Interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Human and Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia

    Nigel A.S. Taylor

  2. Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Melbourne, Australia

    Mark J. Patterson

Authors
  1. Nigel A.S. Taylor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mark J. Patterson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nigel A.S. Taylor .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel

    Amit Gefen

  2. Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel

    Yoram Epstein

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Taylor, N.A., Patterson, M.J. (2014). Military Clothing and Protective Material: Protection at the Limits of Physiological Regulation. In: Gefen, A., Epstein, Y. (eds) The Mechanobiology and Mechanophysiology of Military-Related Injuries. Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, vol 19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/8415_2014_181

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/8415_2014_181

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-33010-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-33012-9

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation