Skip to main content

Evaluating Salmon Management Institutions: The Importance of Performance Measures, Temporal Scales, and Production Cycles

  • Chapter
Pacific Salmon & their Ecosystems

Abstract

Management of renewable resources from an ecosystem perspective will require institutional changes. Management institutions will have to enhance their ability to learn, use what they learn, and promote more effective evaluation of performance. Development of appropriate management baselines is an important prerequisite to institutional learning and evaluation. Three important components of management baselines are biological performance measures, temporal scale of institutional evaluation, and natural environmental fluctuations in the ecosystems that produce Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Performance measures should broaden the traditional focus on harvest and economics to include measures of the condition of important ecological processes. Temporal scale will have to include the entire history of management institutions. Compressing the temporal scale and shifting baselines forward will create inevitable extinction of the resource. Natural cycles in production require flexibility in management programs and the development of realistic expectations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson, M. 1993. The living landscape. Volume 2. Pacific Salmon and Federal Lands. The Wilderness Society, Bolle Center for Forest Ecosystem Management, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beamish, R.J. and D.R. Bouillon. 1993. Pacific salmon production trends in relation to climate. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50: 1002–1016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beiningen, K.T. 1976. Fish Runs, Report E. In Investigative Reports of Columbia River Fisheries Project. Pacific Northwest Regional Commission, Vancouver, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, F.T. 1937. Guarding the Columbia’s silver horde. Nature Magazine 29: 43–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bledsoe, L.J., D.A. Somerton, and C.M. Lynde. 1989. The Puget Sound runs of salmon: An examination of the changes in run size since 1896, p 50–61. In C.D. Levings, L.B. Holtby and M.A. Henderson (eds.), Proceedings of the National Workshop on Effects of Habitat Alteration on Salmonid Stocks. Canadian Special Publication Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 105. Ottawa, Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botkin, D.B. 1990. Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press, New York, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottom, D.L. 1996. To till the water: a history of ideas in fisheries conservation, p. 569–597. In D.J. Stouder, P.A. Bisson, and R.J. Naiman (eds.), Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options. Chapman Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowles, E. and E. Leitzinger. 1991. Salmon supplementation studies in Idaho rivers: Experimental design. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Project 89–098. Boise, Idaho.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boxberger. D.L. 1989. To Fish in Common: The Ethohistory of Lummi Indian Salmon Fishing. Univ. Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, A.D. 1990. Restoration: An acid test for ecology, p. 23–29. In W.R. Jordan III, M.E. Gilpin, and J.D. Aber (eds.), Restoration Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calaprice, J.R. 1969. Production and genetic factors in managed salmonid populations, p. 377–388. In T.G. Northcote (ed.), Symposium on Salmon and Trout in Stream. H.R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries, Institute of Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, J.N. 1930. Pacific salmon fisheries. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1092, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, J.A. and R.L. Hacker. 1940. The history and development of the fisheries of the Columbia River. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries No. 32. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doppelt, B., M. Scurlock, C. Frissell, and J. Kan. 1993. Entering the Watershed. Island Press, Covelo, California. Franklin, J.F. 1992. Scientific basis for new perspectives in forests and streams, p. 25–72. In R.J. Naiman (ed.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Watershed Management: Balancing Sustainability and Environmental Change. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frissell, C.A., W.J. Liss, R.E. Gresswell, R.J. Nawa, and J. Ebersole. 1996. A resource in crisis: changing the measure of salmon management, p. 411–444. In D.J. Stouder, P.A. Bisson, and R.J. Naiman (eds.), Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options. Chapman and Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritts, H.C. 1965. Tree-ring evidence for climatic changes in western North America. Monthly Weather Review 93: 965–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, R.H. 1979. Sampling Design and Statistical Methods for Environmental Biologists. Wiley and Sons, New York, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilborn, R. 1992. Can fisheries agencies learn from experience? Fisheries 17: 6–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hindar, K., N. Ryman and F. Utter. 1991. Genetic effects of cultured fish on natural fish populations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 945–957.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hume, R. D. 1893. Salmon of the Pacific Coast. Schmidt Label & Lithographic Co., San Francisco, California. Johnson, S. 1984. Freshwater environmental problems and coho production in Oregon. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Information Reports No. 84–11. Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, P.W. 1993. Cycles in ocean productivity, trends in habitat quality, and restoration of salmon runs in Oregon. Fisheries 18(8): 6–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K.N. 1993. Compass and Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics for the Environment. Island Press, Covelo, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J.K. 1969. Range management viewed in the ecosystem framework, p. 97–187. In G.M. Van Dyne (ed.), The Ecosystem Concept in Natural Resource Management. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichatowich, J.A. 1992. Management for sustainable fisheries: Some social, economic and ethical considerations, p. 11–17. In G. Reeves, D. Bottom and M. Brooks (eds.), Ethical Questions for Resource Managers. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-288. Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichatowich, J.A. 1993. Ocean carrying capacity: Recovery issues for threatened and endangered Snake River salmon. Bonneville Power Administration, Technical Report 6 of 11, P.O. Box 3621. Portland, Oregon.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lichatowich, J. and S. Cramer. 1979. Parameter selection and sample sizes in studies of anadromous salmonids. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Information Report Series, Fisheries Number 80–1. Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichatowich, J.A. and J.W. Nicholas. In press. Oregon’s first century of hatchery intervention in salmon production: Evolution of the hatchery program, legacy of a utilitarian philosophy and management recommendations. International Symposium on Biological Interactions of Enhanced and Wild Salmonids, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada, June 17–20, 1991. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, D., R. Hilborn, and C. Walters. 1993. Uncertainty, resource exploitation, and conservation lessons from history. Science 260: 17, 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAllister, M.K. and R.M. Peterman. 1992. Experimental design in the management of fisheries: A review. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12: 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McEvoy, A. F. 1986. The Fisherman’s Problem: Ecology and Law in the California Fisheries 1850–1980. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, H.D. 1894. Fish and game protector to the Governor. 1st & 2nd Annual Report. Salem, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meffe, G.K. 1992. Techno-arrogance and halfway technologies: Salmon hatcheries on the Pacific coast of North American. Conservation Biology 6: 350–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullen, R.E. 1981. Oregon’s commercial harvest of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), 18921960. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Information Report Series, Fisheries Number 81–3. Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nehlsen, W., J.E. Williams and J. Lichatowich. 1991. Pacific salmon at the crossroads: Stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho and Washington. Fisheries 16: 4–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholas, J.W. 1996. On the nature of data and their role in salmon conservation, p. 53–60. In D.J. Stouder, P.A. Bisson, and R.J. Naiman (eds.), Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options. Chapman and Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickelson, T.E. 1986. Influences of upwelling, ocean temperature, and smolt abundance on marine survival of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) area. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43: 527–535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nickelson, T.E., J.W. Nicholas, A.M. McGie, R.B. Lindsay, D.L. Bottom, R.J. Kaiser, and S.E. Jacobs. 1992. Status of anadromous salmonids in Oregon coastal basins. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Northwest Power Planning Council. 1987. Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program (amended). Northwest Power Planning Council, Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Northwest Power Planning Council. 1992. Strategy for Salmon. Vol 11. Northwest Power Planning Council, Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, B.G. 1992. A new paradigm for environmental management, p. 23–41. In R. Costanza, B.G. Norton, and B.D. Haskell (eds.), Ecosystem Health. Island Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, R.W., D.L. DeAngelis, J.B. Waide, and T.F.H. Allen. 1986. A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems.Monographs in Population Biology 23. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. 1982. Comprehensive plan for production and management of Oregon’s anadromous salmon and trout. Part II. Coho salmon plan. Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oregon Department of Fisheries. 1908. Annual report of the Department of Fisheries of the State of Oregon to the Legislative Assembly, Twenty-Fifth Regular Session, 1909. Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oregon Fish and Game Commission. 1919. Biennial report of the Fish and Game Commission of the State of Oregon, 1919. Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oregon Fish Commission. 1968. Biennial Report. Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oregon State Board of Fish Commissioners. 1887. First annual report of the Oregon Fish Commissioners. Salem, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oregon State University. 1974. Chum salmon hatchery: A new industry for Oregon. News release, Sea Grant College Program. Corvallis, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacific Fishery Management Council. 1992. Review of the 1991 ocean salmon fisheries. 2000 SW First Avenue, Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterman, R.M. 1990. Statistical power analysis can improve fisheries research and management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47: 2–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterman, R.M. 1989. Application of statistical power analysis to the Oregon coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) problem. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46: 1183–1187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterman, R.M. and M. Bradford. 1987. Statistical power of trends in fish abundance. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44: 1879–1889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potter, M.S. 1992. Governor’s coastal salmonid restoration initiative. Summary Report. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reisenbichler, R. 1996. Genetic factors contributing to declines of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest, p. 223–244. In D.J. Stouder, P.A. Bisson, and R.N. Naiman (eds.), Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options. Chapman and Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reisenbichler, R.R. and J.D. McIntyre. 1977. Genetic differences in growth and survival of juvenile hatchery and wild steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34: 123–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rich, W.H. 1942. The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Bulletin 37. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricker, W.E. 1972. Hereditary and environmental factors affecting certain salmonid populations, p. 19–160. In R.C. Simon and A. Larkin (eds.), The Stock Concept in Pacific Salmon. H.R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryman, N. 1991. Conservation genetics considerations in fishery management. Journal of Fish Biology 39 (Supplement A): 211–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sedell, J.R. and K.J. Luchessa. 1981. Using the historical record as an aid to salmonid habitat enhancement, p. 210–223. In N.B. Armantrout (ed.), Acquisition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Information. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slocombe, D.C. 1993. Implementing ecosystem-based management: Development of theory, practice, and research for planning and managing a region. BioScience 43: 612–622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P.E. 1978. Biological effects of ocean variability: Time and space scales of biological response. Rapportset Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer 173: 117–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soutar, A. and J.D. Isaacs. 1974. Abundance of pelagic fish during the 19th and 20th Centuries as recorded in anaerobic sediment off the Californias. Fishery Bulletin 72: 257–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tait, H.D. 1961. Pacific salmon rehabilitation: Highlight and recommendations of the 1961 governors’ conference on salmon. Conference called by Governor William A. Egan of Alaska, in January 1961. Juneau, Alaska.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmerman, P. 1986. Mythology and surprise in the sustainable development of the biosphere, p. 435–452. In W.C. Clark and R.E. Munn (eds.), Sustainable Development of the Biosphere. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waples, R.S. 1991. Genetic interactions between hatchery and wild salmonids: Lessons from the Pacific Northwest. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48 (Supplement 1): 124–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ware, D.M. and R.E. Thomson. 1991. Link between long-term variability in upwelling and fish production in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 2296–2306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Washington Department of Fisheries, Washington Department of Wildlife, and Western Washington Treaty Indian Tribes. 1993. 1992 Washington State salmon and steelhead stock inventory. Washington Department of Fisheries. Olympia, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. E. 1993. Restoring watershed health on federal lands. Trout 34: 18–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worster, D. 1977. Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, W. 1992. Wild Knowledge: Science, Language, and Social Life in a Fragile Environment. University of Minnesota Press, St. Paul.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Deanna J. Stouder Peter A. Bisson Robert J. Naiman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lichatowich, J. (1997). Evaluating Salmon Management Institutions: The Importance of Performance Measures, Temporal Scales, and Production Cycles. In: Stouder, D.J., Bisson, P.A., Naiman, R.J. (eds) Pacific Salmon & their Ecosystems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6375-4_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6375-4_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7928-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6375-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics