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Neurotrophic Factor Function During Ear Development: Expression Changes Define Critical Phases for Neuronal Viability

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The Primary Auditory Neurons of the Mammalian Cochlea

Part of the book series: Springer Handbook of Auditory Research ((SHAR,volume 52))

Abstract

Neuronal interactions have two fundamentally different purposes: the release of synaptic transmitters conveys information between neurons whereas co-released neurotrophic factors support survival of neurons as well as growth and pruning of their processes. Cell death and pruning numerically adjusts source to target populations. The developing inner ear is an ideal model to investigate the function of one particular set of neurotrophic factors, the neurotrophins and their receptors. Only two (out of four) neurotrophic factors and their receptors are crucial for the survival of inner ear neurons during development: either loss of both neurotrophic factors or their two receptors lead to complete embryonic loss of all inner ear afferents. In contrast, loss of only one receptor or one neurotrophin results in characteristic and topographically restricted loss of neurons and altered innervation of sensory epithelia. For example, mice genetically engineered to be void of the neurotrophic factor BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) have no innervation of canal cristae and reduced density of innervation of the apex of the cochlea. In contrast, mouse mutants without the neurotrophic factor NT-3 (neurotrophin 3) show loss of spiral ganglion neurons in the basal turn of the cochlea with no obvious effect on vestibular innervation density. Further, mice genetically engineered to misexpress one neurotrophin under the promoter of the other show that in the cochlea, but not in the vestibular system, one ligand can be replaced by the other ligand. The data on the effects of embryonic loss of neurotrophins fit closely to the original neurotrophic theory, demonstrating a simple quantitative relationship of level and place of neurotrophin expression on the viability of neurons and retention of their processes. In contrast, the rich variation of ratios of afferents to hair cells in the ear is not easily reconcilable with the basic assumption of the neurotrophic theory, namely that neurotrophins regulate numerical matching of innervation proportions.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by NASA Base Grant (BF), a P30 core grant (DC 010362), an RO3 grant (DC013655 to IJ) and an R01 grant (DC 005590) to BF. The support of the Office of the Vice President for Research (OVPR) of the University of Iowa is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Dr. Lino Tessarollo for his expert review, comments, and suggestions of an earlier version and the SHAR editors for their helpful suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    Bernd Fritzsch, Jennifer Kersigo, Tian Yang, Israt Jahan & Ning Pan

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  1. Bernd Fritzsch
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  2. Jennifer Kersigo
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  3. Tian Yang
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  4. Israt Jahan
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  5. Ning Pan
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Correspondence to Bernd Fritzsch .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Alain Dabdoub

  2. Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

    Bernd Fritzsch

  3. Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA

    Arthur N. Popper

  4. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA

    Richard R. Fay

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Fritzsch, B., Kersigo, J., Yang, T., Jahan, I., Pan, N. (2016). Neurotrophic Factor Function During Ear Development: Expression Changes Define Critical Phases for Neuronal Viability. In: Dabdoub, A., Fritzsch, B., Popper, A., Fay, R. (eds) The Primary Auditory Neurons of the Mammalian Cochlea. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 52. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3031-9_3

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