Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chocolate Flavonoids in the Prevention of Arterial Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Chocolate in Health and Nutrition

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH,volume 7))

  • 5059 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. World Health Organization. The Atlas of heart disease and stroke. Available at: http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/resources/atlas/en/. Accessed 1 Mar 2006.

  2. Eyre H, Kahn R, Robertson RM. Preventing, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1812–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Borchers AT, Keen CL, Hannum SM, Gershwin ME. Cocoa and chocolate: composition, bioavailability, and health implications. J Med Food. 2000;3(2):77–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Steinberg FM, Bearden MM, Keen CL. Cocoa and chocolate flavonoids: implications for cardiovascular health. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:215–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Chocolate Manufacturers Association. The story of chocolate. Available at: www.chocolateusa.org. Accessed 23 Feb 2006.

  6. Dillinger TL, Barriga P, Escarcega S, Jimenez M, Lowe DS, Grivetti LE. Food for the Gods: cure for humanity? A cultural history of the medicinal and ritual uses of chocolate. J Nutr. 2000;30:2057S–72.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Morton M, Morton F. Chocolate: an illustrated history. New York: Crown Publishers; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Telly C. Chocolate: its quality and flavor (which is the world’s best chocolate). In: Szogyi A, editors. Chocolate: food of the gods. Westport: Greenwood Press; 1997:165–166; USDA (2005) National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 18. Available at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl. Accessed 23 Jan 2006.

  9. Corti R, Flammer AJ, Hollenberg NK, Lüscher TF. Cocoa and cardiovascular health. Circulation. 2009;119(10):1433–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kris-Etherton PM, Derr JA, Mitchell DC. The role of fatty acid saturation on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apoliproteins: effects of whole food diets high in cocoa butter, olive oil, soybean oil, dairy butter and milk chocolate on the plasma lipids of young men. Metabolism. 1993;42:130–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kris-Etherton PM, Derr JA, Mustad VA, Seligson FH, Pearson TA. Effects of a milk chocolate bar a day substituted for a high carbohydrate snack increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in young men on a NCEP/AHA step one diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60:1037S–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jones AE, Stolinski M, Smith RD, Murphy JL, Wootten SA. Effects of fatty acid chain length and saturation on the gastrointestinal handling and metabolic disposal of dietary fatty acids in women. Br J Nutr. 1999;81:37–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Baer DJ, Judd JT, Kris-Etherton PM, Zhao G, Emken EA. Stearic acid absorption and its metabolizable energy value are minimally lower than those of other fatty acids in healthy men fed mixed diets. J Nutr. 2003;133:4129–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Nestel PJ, Pomeroy S, Kay S, Sasahara T, Yamashita T. Effect of a stearic acid-rich structured triacylglycerol on plasma lipid concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:1196–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Brink EJ, Haddeman E, de Fouw NJ, Westrate JA. Positional distribution of stearic acid-rich, structured triacylglycerol and dietary calcium concentration determines the apparent absorption of these fatty acids in rats. J Nutr. 1995; 125:2379–2387.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Mursu J, Voutilainen S, Nurmi T, Rissanen TH, Virtanen JK, Kaikkonen J, et al. Dark chocolate consumption increases HDL cholesterol concentration and chocolate fatty acids may inhibit lipid peroxidation in healthy humans. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;37(9):1351–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. USDA. 2005. National nutrient database for standard reference, Release 18. Available at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl. Accessed 23 Jan 2006.

  18. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001; 285:2486–2498.

    Google Scholar 

  19. King DE, Mainous 3rd AG, Geesey ME, Woolson RF. Dietary magnesium and C-reactive protein levels. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24(3):166–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ, Galioto A, Ferlisi A, Cani C, Malfa L, et al. Role of magnesium in insulin action, diabetes and cardio-metabolic syndrome X. Mol Aspects Med. 2003;24(1–3):39–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hammerstone JF, Lazarus SA, Schmitz HH. Procyanidin content and variation in some commonly consumed foods. J Nutr. 2000;130:2086S–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Prior RL, Lazarus SA, Cao G, Muccitelli H, Hammerstone JF. Identification of procyanidins and anthocyanins in blueberries and cranberries (Vaccinium sp) using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49:1270–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Adamson GE, Lazarus SA, Mitchell AE, Prior RL, Cao G, Jacobs PH, et al. HPLC method for the quantification of procyanidins in cocoa and chocolate samples and correlation to total antioxidant capacity. J Agric Food Chem. 1999;47:4184–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hammerstone JF, Lazarus SA, Mitchell AE, Rucker R, Schmidt HH. Identification of procyanidins in cocoa (Thembroma cacao) and chocolate using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem. 1999;47:490–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Spencer JPE, Chaudry F, Pannala AS, Srai SK, Debnam E, Rice-Evans C. Decomposition of cocoa procyanidins in the gastric milieu. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;272:236–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Rios LY, Bennett RN, Lazarus SA, Remesy C, Scalbert A, Williamson G. Cocoa procyanidins are stable during gastric transit in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:1106–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mullen W, Borges G, Donovan JL, et al. Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1784–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Spencer JP, Schroeter H, Shenoy B, Srai SKS, Debnam ES, Rice-Evans C. Epicatechin is the primary bioavailable form of the procyanidin dimers B2 and B5 after transfer across the small intestine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;285:88–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Holt RR, Lazarus SA, Sullards MC, Zhu QY, Schramm DD, Hammerstone JF, et al. Procyanidin dimer B2 [epicatechin-(4 β)-epicatechin] in human plasma after the consumption of a flavanol-rich cocoa. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:798–804.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rios LY, Gonthier MP, Remesy C, Mila I, Lapierre C, Lazarus SA, et al. Chocolate intake increases urinary excretion of polyphenol-derived phenolic acids in healthy human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:912–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Keen CL, Holt RR, Oteiza PI, Fraga CG, Schmitz HH. Cocoa antioxidants and cardiovascular health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(1):298s–303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Ding EL, Hutfless SM, Ding X, Girotra S. Chocolate and prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006; 3:2. (BioMed Central ISSN 1743–7075).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Galleano M, Oteiza PI, Fraga CG. Cocoa, chocolate, and cardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2009;54(6):483–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mathur S, Devaraj S, Grundy SM, Jialal I. Cocoa products decrease low density lipoprotein susceptibility but do not affect biomarkers of inflammation in humans. J Nutr. 2002;132:3663–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Wan Y, Vinson JA, Etherton TD, Proch J, Lazarus SA, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of cocoa powder and dark chocolate on LDL oxidative susceptibility and prostaglandin concentrations in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;74:596–602.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Wang JF, Schramm DD, Holt RR, Ensunsa JL, et al. A dose–response effect from chocolate consumption on plasma epicatechin and oxidative damage. J Nutr. 2000;130(8s):2115s–9s.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Zhang WY, Liu HQ, Xie KQ, et al. Procyanidin dimer B2 [epicatechin-(4beta-8)-epicatechin] suppresses the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in endotoxin-treated monocytic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;345:508–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Lee KW, Kundu JK, Kim SO, et al. Cocoa polyphenols inhibit phorbol ester-induced superoxide anion formation in cultured HL-60 cells and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and activation of NF-kappaB and MAPKs in mouse skin in vivo. J Nutr. 2006;136:1150–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Rader DJ. Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity: a new therapeutic approach to raising high-density lipoprotein. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2004;6(5):398–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002;106(18):135–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Selmi C, Cocchi CA, Lanfredini M, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Chocolate at heart: the anti-inflammatory impact of cocoa flavanols. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008;52(11):1340–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Grosser T. The pharmacology of selective inhibition of COX-2. Thromb Haemost. 2006;96(4):393–400.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bremner P, Heinrich M. Natural products as targeted modulators of the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2002;54(4):453–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Sharma R, Coats AJ, Anker SD. The role of inflammatory mediators in chronic heart failure: cytokines, nitric oxide, and endothelin-1. Int J Cardiol. 2000;72(2):175–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Arteel GE, Sies H. Protection against peroxynitrite by cocoa polyphenol oligomers. FEBS Lett. 1999;462:167–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Arteel GE, Schroeder P, Sies H. Reactions of peroxynitrite with cocoa procyanidin oligomers. J Nutr. 2000;130:2100S–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Sies H, Schewe T, Heiss C, Kelm M. Cocoa polyphenols and inflammatory mediators. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;8:304S–12.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Mann GE, Rowlands DJ, Li FY, de Winter P, Siow RC. Activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by dietary isoflavones: role of NO in Nrf2-mediated antioxidant gene expression. Cardiovasc Res. 2007;75(2):261–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Flammer AJ, Hermann F, Sudano I, et al. Dark chocolate improves coronary vasomotion and reduces platelet reactivity. Circulation. 2007;116:2376–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Taubert D, Roesen R, Lehmann C, Jung N, Schömig E. Effects of low habitual cocoa intake on blood pressure and bioactive nitric oxide: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;298(1):49–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Simon JA, Fong J, Bernert Jr JT. Serum fatty acids and blood pressure. Hypertension. 1996;27:303–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vuksan V, Vidgen E, Wong E, Augustin LS, et al. Effect of cocoa bran on low-density lipoprotein oxidation and fecal bulking. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(15):2374–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Raederstorff DG, Schlachter MF, Elste V, Weber P. Effect of EGCG on lipid absorption and plasma lipid levels in rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2003;14(6):326–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Rein D, Paglieroni TG, Pearson DA, Wun T, Schmitz HH, Gosselin R, et al. Cocoa and wine polyphenols modulate platelet activation and function. J Nutr. 2000;130:2120s–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Rein D, Paglieroni TG, Wun T, Pearson DA, Schmitz HH, Gosselin R, et al. Cocoa inhibits platelet activation and function. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:30–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Innes AJ, Kennedy G, McLaren M, Bancroft AJ, Belch J. Dark chocolate inhibits platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers. Platelets. 2003;14(5):325–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Schramm DD, Wang JF, Holt RR, Ensunsa JL, Gonsalves JL, Lazarus SA, et al. Chocolate procyanidins decrease the leuotriene-prostacyclin ratio in human and human aortic endothelial cells. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73:36–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Grassi D, Lippi C, Necozione S, Desideri G, Ferri C. Short-term administration of dark chocolate is followed by a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in blood pressure in healthy persons. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(3):611–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Baba S, Natsume M, Yasuda A, et al. Plasma LDL and HDL cholesterol and oxidized LDL concentrations are altered in normo- and hypercholesterolemic humans after intake of different levels of cocoa powder. J Nutr. 2007;137:1436–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Crews WD Jr, Harrison DW, Wright JW. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the effects of dark chocolate and cocoa on variables associated with neuropsychological functioning and cardiovascular health: clinical findings from a sample of healthy, cognitively intact older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(4):872–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Hamed MS, Gambert S, Bliden KP, Bailon O, Singla A, Antonino MJ, Hamed F, Tantry US, Gurbel PA. Dark chocolate effect on platelet activity, C-reactive protein and lipid profile: a pilot study. South Med J. 2008;101(12):1203–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Heiss C, Kleinbongard P, Dejam A, Perré S, Schroeter H, Sies H, Kelm M. Acute consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa and the reversal of endothelial dysfunction in smokers. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(7):1276–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL, 32256-2673, USA

    Nancy J. Correa-Matos Ph.D., RD, LND, L/N

  2. Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL, 32256-2673, USA

    Catherine Christie Ph.D., RD, LD/N, FADA

Authors
  1. Nancy J. Correa-Matos Ph.D., RD, LND, L/N
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Catherine Christie Ph.D., RD, LD/N, FADA
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nancy J. Correa-Matos Ph.D., RD, LND, L/N .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Health Sciences Center, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. 1295, Tucson, 85724-5155, Arizona, USA

    Ronald Ross Watson

  2. Dept. Nutrition & Dietetics, King's College, Stamford St. 150, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  3. Division of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Avenue, Tucson, 85724, Arizona, USA

    Sherma Zibadi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Correa-Matos, N.J., Christie, C. (2013). Chocolate Flavonoids in the Prevention of Arterial Disease. In: Watson, R., Preedy, V., Zibadi, S. (eds) Chocolate in Health and Nutrition. Nutrition and Health, vol 7. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-803-0_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-803-0_21

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-802-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-803-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation