Abstract
This chapter provides a theoretical background and presents a review of the literature relevant to the central issues with which the book is concerned. By positioning the research within the framework of literature on time use and leisure, the self, freedom, culture and discourses, the chapter presents the unique perspective of the book and how it is hoped to add to existing scholarship in these fields. In addition, a number of terms are introduced: freedom from and freedom to, the hierarchization of free time, disciplined freedom and conspicuous busyness. These theoretical concepts are offered by the author in order to analyze various aspects of free time. The chapter briefly describes the methods used, discusses the context of the study and concludes with the rationale and objectives of the book.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aguiar, Mark, and Erik Hurst. 2006. Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time over Five Decades. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122 (3): 969–1006.
Ahmed, Sara. 2010. The Promise of Happiness. London: Duke University Press.
Aitchison, Cara, Nicola E. MacLeod, Nicola E. Macleod, and Stephen J. Shaw. 2014. Leisure and Tourism Landscapes: Social and Cultural Geographies. London: Routledge.
Alexander, Jeffrey C. 2003. The Meanings of Social Life: A Cultural Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Almog, Oz. 2000. The Sabra, The Creation of the New Jew, trans. Haim Watzman. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Almog, Oz. 2004. One Middle Class, Three Different Lifestyles: The Israeli Case. Geography Research Forum 24: 37–57.
American Time Use Survey (ATUS). 2018. American Time Use Survey Summary. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.nr0.htm. Accessed Oct 2018.
Amichai-Hamburger, Yair, and Zack Hayat. 2011. The Impact of the Internet on the Social Lives of Users: A Representative Sample from 13 Countries. Computers in Human Behavior 27 (1): 585–589.
Angouri, Jo, and Meredith Marra (eds.). 2011. Constructing Identities at Work. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Argyle, Michael. 2013. The Psychology of Happiness. London: Routledge.
Aristotle. 2009. Nicomachean Ethics, trans. Davis Ross and ed. L. Brown. New York: Oxford University Press.
Azaryahu, Maoz. 2000. The Golden Arches of McDonald’s: On the ‘Americanization’ of Israel. Israel Studies 5 (1): 41–64.
Bank of Israel. 2012. Report on the Middle Classes [Hebrew]. http//www.bankisrael.gov.il/press/heb/120313/120313m.htm. Accessed Mar 2013.
Bauman, Zygmunt. 1998. Globalization: The Human Consequences. New York: Columbia University Press.
Bauman, Zygmunt. 2000. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity.
Bauman, Zygmunt. 2002. Foreword by Zygmunt Bauman, Individually Together. In Individualization, Institutionalized Individualism and Its Social and Political Consequence, ed. U. Beck and E. Beck-Gernsheim, xv–xx. London: Sage.
Bauman, Zygmunt. 2005. Liquid Life. Cambridge, UK and Malden, MA: Polity Press.
Baumeister, Roy F. 1987. How the Self Became a Problem, A Psychological Review of Historical Research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1): 163–176.
Baumeister, Roy F. 1991. Meanings of Life. New York: Guilford Press.
Baumeister, Roy F., Kathleen D. Vohs, Jennifer L. Aaker, and Emily N. Garbinsky. 2013. Some Key Differences Between a Happy Life and a Meaningful Life. The Journal of Positive Psychology 8 (6): 505–516.
Beck, Ulrich. 1992. Risk Society. London: Sage.
Beck, Ulrich, Anthony Giddens, and Scott Lash. 1994. Reflexive Modernization, Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bell, Daniel. 1976. The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. New York: Basic Books.
Bellah, Robert. 1985. Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley Journal of Sociology 30: 117–141.
Bellah, Robert N., Richard Madsen, Steven M. Tipton, William M. Sullivan, and Ann Swidler. 1985. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bellezza, Silvia, Neeru Paharia, and Anat Keinan. 2017. Conspicuous Consumption of Time: When Busyness and Lack of Leisure Time Become a Status Symbol. Journal of Consumer Research 44 (1): 118–138.
Bentham, Jeremy. [1789] 1978. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Buffalo: Prometheus.
Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
Betz, Hans-Georg. 1992. Postmodernism and the New Middle Class. Theory Culture Society 9: 93–114.
Bezeq. 2014. Digital Life. Bezeq Report of Internet Use in Israel in 2014. [Hebrew]. my1.bezeq.co.il/DIGITAL_LIFE.PDF. Accessed June 2015.
Bianchi, Suzanne M., and John Robinson. 1997. What Did You Do Today? Children’s Use of Time, Family Composition, and the Acquisition of Social Capital. Journal of Marriage and the Family 59 (2): 332–344.
Birenbaum-Carmeli, Daphna. 2001. Between Individualism and Collectivism: The Case of a Middle Class Neighborhood in Israel. International Journal of Sociology and Social policy 21 (11–12): 1–25.
Berlin, Isaiah. [1958] 1969. Two Concepts of Liberty. In Isaiah Berlin Four Essays on Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bittman, Michael, and Judy Wajcman. 2000. The Rush Hour: The Character of Leisure Time and Gender Equity. Social Forces 79 (1): 165–189.
Blumen, Orna. 1998. The Spatial Distribution of Occupational Prestige in Metropolitan Tel Aviv. Area 30 (4): 343–357.
Blumen, Orna. 2004. Father’s Work and Children’s Distinctive Lifestyle: Children of Israeli High-Tech Men. Geography Research Forum 24: 77–99.
Boltanski, Luc, and Laurent Thévenot. 1999. The Sociology of Critical Capacity. European Journal of Social Theory 2 (3): 359–377.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Braun, Michael, Noah Lewin-Epstein, Haya Stier, and Miriam K. Baumgärtner. 2008. Perceived Equity in the Gendered Division of Household Labor. Journal of Marriage and Family 70 (5): 1145–1156.
Brightbill, Charles K. 1960. The Challenge of Leisure. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Butsch, Richard. [1969] 1990. For Fun and Profit: The Transformation of Leisure into Consumption. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Campbell, Colin. 1987. The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism. Oxford: Blackwell.
de Certeau, Michel. 1984. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cohen, Jere. 1975. Moral Freedom Through Understanding in Durkheim. American Sociological Review 40 (1): 104–106.
Cohen, Uri, and Nissim Leon. 2008. The New Mizrahi Middle Class: Ethnic Mobility and Class Integration in Israel. The Journal of Israeli History 27 (1): 51–64.
Cooper, Al. 1998. Sexuality and the Internet: Surfing into the New Millennium. Cyber Psychology and Behavior 1 (2): 187–193.
Cronin, Anne M. 2000. Consumerism and ‘Compulsory Individuality’: Women, Will and Potential. In Transformations: Thinking Through Feminism, ed. S. Ahmed, J. Kilby, C. Lury, M. McNeil, and B. Skeggs, 273–288. London: Routledge.
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihalyi. 1990. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper Perennial.
Cushman, Philip. 1990. Why the Self Is Empty: Toward a Historically Situated Psychology. American Psychologist 45 (5): 599–611.
Cushman, Grant, James Veal, and Jiri Zuzanek. 2005. Free Time and Leisure Participation: International Perspectives. Cambridge, MA: CABI.
Daly, Kerry (ed.). 2001. Minding the Time in Family Experience, Series, Contemporary Perspectives in Family Research. New York: JAI.
Davies, Bronwyn. 1999. A Body of Writing, 1990–1999. Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press.
Davis, Mark. 2013. Hurried Lives: Dialectics of Time and Technology in Liquid Modernity. Thesis Eleven 118 (1): 7–18.
De Grazia, Sebastian. 1962. Of Time, Work and Leisure. New York: Twentieth Century Fund.
Drake, Bruce. 2013. Another Gender Gap: Men Spend More Time in Leisure Activities. Pew Research Center. http,//www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/06/10/another-gender-gap-men-spend-more-time-in-leisure-activities/. Accessed Sept 2016.
Dumazedier, Joffre. 1960. Current Problems of the Sociology of Leisure. International Social Science Journal 4 (4): 522–531.
Durkheim, Emile. [1884] 2014. The Division of Labor in Society, trans. W.D. Halls. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Durkheim, Emile. [1895] 1982. Durkheim: The Rules of Sociological Method, and Selected Texts on Sociology and Its Method, trans. W.D. Halls and ed. Steven Lukes. New York: The Macmillan Press.
Durkheim, Emile. [1912] 2008. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, trans. J.W. Swain. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
Dutton, Jane E., Laura Morgan Roberts, and Jeffrey Bednar. 2010. Pathways for Positive Identity Construction at Work: Four Types of Positive Identity and the Building of Social Resources. Academy of Management Review 35 (2): 265–293.
Elias, Norbert. 1991. The Society of Individuals. New York and Oxford: Blackwell and Basil Blackwell.
Elliott, Anthony. 2008. Concepts of the Self. Cambridge: Polity.
Elliott, Anthony, and John Urry. 2010. Mobile Lives. London: Routledge.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. [1841] 1974. Self Reliance. In The American Tradition in Literature, ed. S. Bradley, R.C. Beatty, E.H. Long, and G. Perkins, 628–649. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.
Emirbayer, Mustafa, and Ann Mische. 1998. What Is Agency? The American Journal of Sociology 103 (4): 962–1023.
Evans, James A., Gideon Kunda, and Stephen R. Barley. 2004. Beach Time, Bridge Time and Billable Hours: The Temporal Structure of Technical Contracting. Administrative Science Quarterly 49 (1): 1–38.
Fava, Sylvia Fleis, and Noel P. Gist. 1974. Urban Society. New York: Crowell.
Feldman, Jackie. 2008. Above the Death Pits, Beneath the Flag: Youth Voyages to Poland and the Performance of Israeli National Identity. New York: Berghahn Books.
Fine, Gary Alan. 1992. Agency, Structure, and Comparative Contexts: Toward a Synthetic lnteractionism. Symbolic Interaction 15 (1): 87–107.
Foucault, Michel. 1978. The History of Sexuality. Volume 1, An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage Books.
Foucault, Michel. 1979. Discipline and Punish, the Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books.
Foucault, Michel. 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977. New York: Pantheon Books.
Foucault, Michel. 1987. The Ethic of Care for the Self as a Practice of Freedom: An Interview with Michel Foucault on January 20, 1984. Philosophy and Social Criticism 12 (2–3): 112–131.
Foucault, Michel. 1988. Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault, ed. Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton. London: Tavistock.
Frankl, Victor. E. [1959] 2006. Man’s Search for Meaning. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Franklin, Benjamin. [1732] 1997. Autobiography, Poor Richard and Later Writings. New York: Library of America.
Frenkel, Michal. 2008. Reprogramming Femininity? The Construction of Gender Identities in the Israeli Hi‐tech Industry Between Global and Local Gender Orders. Gender, Work & Organization 15 (4): 352–374.
Fromm, Erich. [1942] 1984. The Fear of Freedom. London: Ark.
Furedi, Frank. 2004. Therapy Culture: Cultivating Vulnerability in an Uncertain Age. London: Routledge.
Gershuny, Jonathan. 2000. Changing Times: Work and Leisure in Postindustrial Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gershuny, Jonathan. 2005. Busyness as the Badge of Honor for the New Superordinate Working Class. Social Research 72 (2): 287–314.
Gershuny, Jonathan, and Oriel Sullivan. 2017. United Kingdom Time Use Survey, 2014–2015. Centre for Time Use Research, University of Oxford [Data Collection]. Colchester: UK Data Service. SN: 8128. https://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-8128-1.
Gerson, Kathleen. 2010. The Unfinished Revolution: How a New Generation Is Reshaping Family, Work, and Gender in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Geertz, Clifford. 1973. Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture. In The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, 3–30. New York: Basic Books.
Giddens, Anthony. 1987. Social Theory and Modern Sociology. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Giddens, Anthony. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity.
Gillis, John. R. 2001. Never Enough Time: Some Paradoxes of Modern Family Time(s). In Minding the Time in Family Experience: Series: Contemporary Perspectives in Family Research, ed. K.J. Daly, 19–36. New York: JAI.
Gini, Al. 1998. Work, Identity and Self: How We Are Formed by the Work We Do. Journal of Business Ethics 17: 707–714.
Hall, Stuart, and Paul Du Gay. 1996. Questions of Cultural Identity. London: Sage.
Hankiss, Elemer. 2006. The Toothpaste of Immortality: Self-Construction in the Consumer Age. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Hays, Sharon. 1994. Structure and Agency and the Sticky Problem of Culture. Sociological Theory 12 (1): 57–72.
Hemingway, John L. 1996. Emancipating Leisure: The Recovery of Freedom in Leisure. Journal of Leisure Research 28 (1): 27.
Henderson, Karla A., and Benjamin Hickerson. 2007. Women and Leisure: Premises and Performances Uncovered in an Integrative Review. Journal of Leisure Research 39 (4): 591–610.
Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 1997. The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work. New York: Holt.
Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 2012. The Outsourced Self: Intimate Life in Market Times. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Hochschild, Arlie Russell, and Anne Machung. 1990. The Second Shift. New York: Avon Books.
Hochschild, Jennifer L. 1995. Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hua Wang, and Barry Wellman. 2010. Social Connectivity in America: Changes in Adult Friendship Network Size From 2002 to 2007. American Behavioral Scientist 53 (8): 1148–1169.
Hunnicutt, Benjamin K. 1990. Leisure and Play in Plato’s Teaching and Philosophy of Learning. Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal 12 (2): 211–227.
Hunnicutt, Benjamin K. 2006. The History of Western Leisure. In A Handbook of Leisure Studies, ed. C. Rojek, S.M. Shaw, and A. Veal, 55–74. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Illouz, Eva. 1991. Reason within Passion: Love in Women’s Magazines. Critical Studies in Media Communication 8 (3): 231–248.
Illouz, Eva. 1997. Who Will Care for the Caretaker’s Daughter? Toward a Sociology of Happiness in the Era of Reflexive Modernity. Theory, Culture and Society 14 (4): 31–66.
Illouz, Eva. 2002. The Culture of Capitalism. Tel–Aviv: Ministry of Defense [Hebrew].
Illouz, Eva. 2003. Oprah Winfrey and the Glamour of Misery. New York: Columbia University Press.
Illouz, Eva. 2008. Saving the Modern Soul: Therapy, Emotions, and the Culture of Self-Help. Berkeley: University of California.
Jacobs, Jerry A., and Kathleen Gerson. 2004. The Time Divide: Work, Family and Gender Inequality. London: Harvard University Press.
Internet World Stats (IWS). 2018. Usage and Population Statistics. https://www.internetworldstats.com/me/il.htm. Accessed Aug 2018.
Izraeli, Dafna. 1997. Work–Family Relations: The Case of Middle Class Women in Israel. Ramat Gan, Israel: Bar-Ilan University [Hebrew].
Jhally, Sut. 1989. Advertising as Religion: The Dialectic of Technology and Magic. In Cultural Politics in Contemporary America, ed. L. Angus and S. Jhally, 217–229. New York: Routledge.
Kahneman, Daniel, Edward Diener, and Norbert Schwarz. 1999. Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Kando, Thomas M. 1980. Leisure and Popular Culture in Transition, 2nd ed. Saint Louis: Mosby.
Katz, Elihu, Hadassah Haas, and Michael Gurevitch. 1997. 20 Years of Television in Israel: Are There Long-Run Effects on Values, Social Connectedness and Cultural Practices? Journal of Communication 47 (2): 3–20.
Katz, Elihu, Hadassah Haas, Shosh Weitz, Hanna Adoni, Michael Gurevitz, and Miriam Shif. 2000. The Leisure Culture in Israel: Changes in Cultural Behavioral Patterns 1970–1990. Tel Aviv, Open University [Hebrew].
Katz- Gerro, Tally, and Yossi Shavit. 1998. The Stratification of Leisure and Taste: Classes and Lifestyles in Israel. European Sociological Review 14 (4): 369–386.
Kaufman, Carol Felker, Paul M. Lane, and Jay D., Lindquist. 1991. Exploring More than 24 Hours a Day: A Preliminary Investigation of Polychronic Time Use. Journal of Consumer Research 18 (3): 392–401.
Kellner, Douglas. 1995. Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity, and Politics Between the Modern and the Postmodern. London: Routledge.
Kelly, John R. 1983. Leisure Identities and Interactions. London: Allen and Unwin.
Kemp, Simon. 2017. Digital in 2017: Global Overview. https://wearesocial.com/special-reports/digital-in-2017-global-overview. Accessed June 2018.
Knights, David, and Hugh Willmott. 1999. Management Lives: Power and Identity in Work Organizations. London: Sage.
Kusserow, Adrie. 2012. When Hard and Soft Clash: Class Based Individualisms in Manhattan and Queens. In Facing Social Class, How Societal Rank Influences Interaction, ed. S.T. Fiske and H.R. Markus, 195–216. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Lamont, Michelle. 1992. Money, Morals and Manners: The Culture of the French and the American Upper-Middle Class. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lareau, Annette. 2002. Invisible Inequality: Social Class and Childrearing in Black Families and White Families. American Sociological Review 67 (5): 747–776.
Lasch, Christopher. 1991. The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations. New York: W. W. Norton.
Lavee, Yoav, and Ruth Katz. 2003. The Family in Israel: Between Tradition and Modernity. Marriage and Family Review 35 (1): 193–217.
Lears, T.J. Jackson. 1983. From Salvation to Self-Realization: Advertising and the Therapeutic Roots of the Consumer Culture, 1880–1930. In The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History, 1880–1980, ed. R. Wightman Fox and T.J. Jackson Lears, 1–38. New York: Pantheon Books.
Leon, Nissim. 2010. The Transformation of Israel’s Religious-Zionist Middle Class. The Journal of Israeli History 29 (1): 61–78.
Lieblich, Amia. 1993. Preliminary Comparison of Israeli and American Successful Career Women at Mid-life. In Women in Israel, vol. 6, ed. Yael Atzmon and D. Izraeli, 195–208. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Liebman, Charles S., and Eli’ezer Don-Yiḥya. 1983. Civil Religion in Israel: Traditional Judaism and Political Culture in the Jewish State. London: Univ of California Press.
Linder, Staffan Burenstam. 1970. The Harried Leisure Class. New York: Columbia University Press.
Lukes, Steven. 1971. The Meanings of ‘Individualism’. Journal of the History of Ideas 32 (1): 45–66.
Mann, Rafi, and Azi Lev-On. 2017. Annual Report: The Israeli Media in 2016. Agendas, Uses and Trends. http,//newsite.aunmedia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/mediareport2016.pdf. Accessed Aug 2018.
Markus, Hazel R., and Shinobu Kitayama. 1991. Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition. Emotion and Motivation. Psychological Review 98 (2): 224–253.
Maslow, Abraham Harold. 1943. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review 50 (4): 370.
Maslow, Abraham Harold. 1968. Toward a Psychology of Being. Oxford, England: D. Van Nostrand.
McGee, Micki. 2005. Self Help Inc: Makeover Culture in American Life. New York: Oxford University Press.
McKenna, Katelyn Y.A., and Gwendolyn Seidman. 2005. Social Identity and the Self: Getting Connected Online. In Cognitive Technology, Essays on the Transformation of Thought and Society, ed. W.R. Walker and D.J. Herrmann, 89–111. McFarland: NC.
Melucci, Alberto. 1996. The Playing Self: Person and Meaning in the Planetary Society. London: Cambridge University Press.
Mick, David Glen, Susan M. Broniarczyk, and Jonathan Haidt. 2004. Choose, Choose, Choose, Choose, Choose, Choose, Choose: Emerging and Prospective Research on the Deleterious Effects of Living in Consumer Hyperchoice. Journal of Business Ethics 52 (2): 207–211.
Mill, John Stuart. [1861] 2012. Utilitarianism. New York: Start Publishing LLC.
Miller, Leslie. 2008. Foucauldian Constructionism. In Handbook of Constructionist Research, ed. J.A. Holstein and J.F. Gubrium, 251–274. New York: Guilford Press.
Neumeyer, Martin H., and Esther S. Neumeyer. 1958. Leisure and Recreation. New York: Ronald Press.
Nolan, James L. 1998. The Therapeutic State: Justifying Government at Century’s End. New York: New York University Press.
Ochs, Elinor, and Tamar Kremer-Sadlik (eds.). 2013. Fast-Forward Family: Home, Work and Relationships in Middle-Class America. London: University of California Press.
OECD Social Indicators. 2009. Special Focus: Measuring Leisure in OECD Countries. http//www.oecd.org/berlin/42675407.pdf. Accessed July 2010.
Offer, Shira, and Schneider Barbara. 2008. The Emotional Dimensions of Family Time and their Implications for Work-Family Balance. In The Handbook of Work-Family Integration: Theories, Perspectives, and Best Practices, ed. K. Korabik, D.S. Lero and D. Whitehead, 177–189. Elsevier: San Diego, CA.
Offer, Shira, and Barbara Schneider. 2011. Revisiting the Gender Gap in Time-Use Patterns: Multitasking and Well-Being among Mothers and Fathers in Dual-Earner Families. American Sociological Review 76 (6): 809–833.
Oishi, Shigehiro, Edward F. Diener, Richard E. Lucas, and Eunkook M. Suh. 1999. Cross-Cultural Variations in Predictors of Life Satisfaction: Perspectives from Needs and Values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25 (8): 980–990.
Ortner, Sherry. 1990. Patterns of History: Cultural Schemas in the Foundings of Sherpa Religious Institutions. In Culture Through Time: Anthropological Approaches, ed. E. Ohnuk Tierney, 57–93. Stanford, Stanford University Press.
Oyserman, Daphna. 1993. The Lens of Personhood: Viewing the Self and Others in a Multicultural Society. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (5): 993–1009.
Parker, Stanley. 1971. The Future of Work and Leisure. London: MacGibbon and Kee.
Parker, Stanley R. 1976. The Sociology of Leisure. London: Allen and Unwin.
Pieper, Josef. [1952] 2009. Leisure: The Basis of Culture. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.
Parsons, Talcott. 1949. The Structure of Social Action. Glencoe, IL: The Fress Press.
Passias, Emily J., Liana Sayer, and Joanna R. Pepin. 2017. Who Experiences Leisure Deficits? Mothers’ Marital Status and Leisure Time. Journal of Marriage and Family 79 (4): 1001–1022.
Pope, Whitney. 1973. Classic on Classic: Parsons’ Interpretation of Durkheim. American Sociological Review 38 (4): 399–415.
Putnam, Robert D. 1995. Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy 6: 65–78.
Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Rebhun, Uzi, and Chaim Isaac Waxman. 2000. The Americanization of Israel: A Demographic. Cultural and Political Evaluation: Israel Studies 5 (1): 65–91.
Reeves, Joy, and Robert F. Szafran. 1996. For What and for Whom Do You Need More Time? Time and Society 5 (2): 237–251.
Remennick, Larissa. 2000. Childless in the Land of Imperative Motherhood: Stigma and Coping Among Infertile Israeli Women. Sex Roles 43 (11/12): 821–841.
Rieff, Philip. 1966. The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith After Freud. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Roberts, Kenneth. 1978. Contemporary Society and the Growth of Leisure. London: Longman.
Roberts, Kenneth. 1989. Great Britain: Socioeconomic Polarisation and the Implications for Leisure. In Leisure and Lifestyle: A Comparative Analysis of Free Time, ed. A. Olszewska and K. Roberts, 47–61. London: Sage.
Roberts, Kenneth. 2006. Leisure in Contemporary Society. Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, MA: CABI.
Roberts, Kenneth. 2013. Sociology of Leisure. Sociopedia.isa: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/205684601371.
Roberts, Ken. 2015. The Business of Leisure: Tourism, Sport Events and other Leisure Industries. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Robinson, John P., and Geoffrey Godbey. 1997. Time for Life: The Surprising Ways Americans Use Their Time. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Rojek, Chris. 1999. Decentring Leisure. London: Sage.
Rojek, Chris, and John Urry (eds.). 1997. Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory. London: Routledge.
Rojek, Chris. 2010. The Labour of Leisure: The Culture of Free Time. Los Angeles: Sage.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. [1754] 1992. Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Among Men. Hanover: University Press of New England.
Rosa, Hartmut. 2003. Social Acceleration: Ethical and Political Consequences of a Desynchronized High-Speed Society. Constellations 10 (1): 3–33.
Rosa, Hartmut. 2013. Social Acceleration: A New Theory of Modernity. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rose, Nikolas. 1998. Inventing Our Selves: Psychology, Power and Personhood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Russell, Bertrand. 1996. The Conquest of Happiness. New York: Liveright.
Russell, Ruth V. 2013. Pastimes: The Context of Contemporary Leisure. Urbana, IL: Sagamore Publishing.
Ryan, Richard M., and Edward L. Deci. 2001. On Happiness and Human Potentials, A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. Annual Review of Psychology 52 (1): 141–166.
Ryff, Carol D., and Burton H. Singer. 2008. Know Thyself and Become What You Are: A Eudaimonic Approach to Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Happiness Studies 9 (1): 13–39.
Sager, Alexander. 2013. Philosophy of Leisure. In Routledge Handbook of Leisure Studies, ed. T. Blackshaw, 5–15. New York: Routledge.
Schor, Juliet. 1993. The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure. New York: Basic Books.
Schor, Juliet. 1998. The Overspent American: Upscaling, Downshifting, and the New Consumer. New York: Harper Perennial.
Schudson, Michael. 1989. How Culture Works: Perspectives from Media Studies on the Efficacy of Symbols. Theory and Society 18 (2): 153–180.
Schwartz, Barry. 2004. The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less. New York: Harper Perennial.
Seligman, Martin. 2002. Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Seligman, Martin, and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. 2000. Positive Psychology: An Introduction. American Psychologist 55 (1): 5–14.
Selinger, Guy Abutbul. 2013. Hybridization and Purification: The Experiences of Mizrachi Middle-Class Adolescents in Israel. Israel Studies Review 28 (2): 122–139.
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus. 2005. On the Shortness of Life. New York: Penguin UK.
Sered, Susan. 2000. What Makes Women Sick? Maternity, Modesty, and Militarism in Israeli Society: Brandeis Series on Jewish Women. Boston: Brandeis University Press.
Sharma, Sarah. 2014. In the Meantime: Temporality and Cultural Politics. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.
Silber, Ilana Friedrich. 2003. Pragmatic Sociology as Cultural Sociology: Beyond Repertoire Theory? European Journal of Social Theory 6 (4): 427–449.
Shinew, Kimberly J., Myron F. Floyd, and Diana Parry. 2004. Understanding the Relationship Between Race and Leisure Activities and Constraints. Exploring an Alternative Framework: Leisure Sciences 26 (2): 181–199.
Shir-Wise, Michelle. 2018. Disciplined Freedom: The Productive Self and Conspicuous Busyness in ‘Free’ Time. Time and Society. doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463x18769786.
Simmel, Georg. 1971. On Individuality and Social Forms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Southerton, Dale. 2003. Squeezing Time: Allocating Practices, Coordinating Networks and Scheduling Society. Time Society 12 (1): 5–25.
Southerton, Dale, and Mark Tomlinson. 2005. Pressed for Time—The Differential Impacts of a ‘Time Squeeze’. The Sociological Review Issue 53 (2): 215–239.
Southerton, Dale. 2006. Analyzing the Temporal Organization of Daily Life: Social Constraints, Practices and Their Allocation. Sociology 40 (3): 435–454.
Spillman, Lyn. 2002. Cultural Sociology. Oxford: Blackwell.
Statista. 2016. Average Daily TV Viewing Time Per Person in Selected Countries Worldwide in 2016. https://www.statista.com/statistics/276748/average-daily-tv-viewing-time-per-person-in-selected-countries/. Accessed May 2017.
Stebbins, Robert A. 2001. Serious Leisure. Society 38 (4): 53–57.
Stebbins, Robert A. 2007. Serious Leisure: A Perspective for Our Time. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Stebbins, Robert A. 2012. The Idea of Leisure: First Principles. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Sullivan, Oriel. 2008. Busyness, Status Distinction and Consumption Strategies of the Income Rich, Time Poor. Time and Society 17 (1): 5–26.
Swidler, Anne. 1986. Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies. American Sociological Review 51 (2): 273–286.
Swidler, Anne. 2001. Talk of Love: How Culture Matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Thompson, Edward P. 1967. Time, Work-Discipline and Industrial Capitalism. Past & Present 38: 56–97.
Tocqueville, Alexis de. [1838] 1969. Democracy in America, trans. George Lawrence and ed. J.P. Maier. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
Turkle, Sherry. 1995. Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. New York: NY: Touchstone.
Triandis, Harry Charalambos. 1995. Individualism and Collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Turkle, Sherry. 2011. Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. New York: Basic Books.
Turkle, Sherry. 2012. The Flight From Conversation. The New York Times. http//www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/opinion/sunday/the-flight-from-conversation.html?pagewanted=all. Accessed Apr 2012.
Veal, Anthony J. 2004. A Brief History of Work and its Relationship to Leisure. In Work and Leisure, ed. J. Haworth and A.J. Veal, 15–34. New York: Routledge.
Veblen, Thorstein. [1899] 2007. The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wajcman, Judy. 2014. Pressed for Time: The Acceleration of Life in Digital Capitalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wajcman, Judy, and Nigel Dodd (eds.). 2016. The Sociology of Speed: Digital, Organizational, and Social Temporalities. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Waterman, Alan S. 1993. Two Conceptions of Happiness: Contrasts of Personal Expressiveness (Eudaimonia) and Hedonic Enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64 (4): 678–691.
Weber, Max. [1930] 1992. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons. London: Routledge.
Wellman, Barry. 2004. Connecting Communities, On and Offline. Contexts 3 (4): 22–28.
Wilde, Oscar. 1994. The Picture of Dorian Gray. London: Penguin Books.
Wolfe, Alan. 1998. One Nation, After All: What Middle-Class Americans Really Think About God, Country, Family, Racism, Welfare, Immigration, Homosexuality, Work, the Right, the Left and Each Other. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Wright, Katie. 2011. The Rise of the Therapeutic Society: Psychological Knowledge and the Contradictions of Cultural Change. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing.
Yian, Hogne. 2004. Time Out and Drop Out: On the Relation Between Linear Time and Individualism. Time Society 13 (2/3): 173–195.
Zerubavel, Eviatar. 1991. The Fine Line: Making Distinctions in Everyday Life. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Zerubavel, Yael. 1995. Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. London: University of Chicago Press.
Zhao, Shanyang, Sherri Grasmuck, and Jason Martin. 2008. Identity Construction on Facebook: Digital Empowerment in Anchored Relationships. Computers in Human Behavior 24 (5): 1816–1836.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shir-Wise, M. (2019). Free Time, Culture and the Self. In: Time, Freedom and the Self. Leisure Studies in a Global Era. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13841-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13841-7_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-13840-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-13841-7
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)