Abstract
The Netherlands is internationally known for its collective settlement mechanism that was introduced in 2005. In a small number of cases with a global outreach this settlement regime has proven to be effective. However, its application relies on the willingness to conclude a settlement agreement and to have it declared binding by the court. A collective action regime had been in place for decades, but was limited to injunctive and declaratory relief. After years of discussion the collective redress system was ‘upgraded’ by introducing a collective action procedure for damages in 2020. While the intention behind this latest addition can be welcomed as an effective collective action system in this regard was lacking, some of its features are also subject to criticism and have raised doubts as to whether the new Act is an improvement. That is especially the case with respect to actions filed for declaratory and injunctive relief by so called ‘ideological claimants’. Another crucial aspect for the effectiveness of collective redress mechanisms in general, but particularly with respect to monetary relief, is the availability of funding. The different modes of financing litigation, are the topic of extensive debate. In particular third-party funding as a solution to enable expensive collective actions to take place, has gained critical attention in Europe, even though it may prove to be the only available or viable funding option in the international context. This chapter discusses developments in collective redress in the Netherlands with a focus on the issue of funding and on the position of the Netherlands collective redress regime in the European and international context. It concludes that if the Netherlands is to continue to hold its predominant position in Europe in relation to collective redress, that will not be because of the new law, but because of the creativity of lawyers, the pragmatism of the Dutch courts and the willingness of funders to rely on both.
The authors are grateful to Dennis van Gulik, Huguette Knolsfor, and Wouter Hoogeveen for their research assistance and thank Willem Visser for his input on an earlier draft of paragraph 3.4. Mistakes however are of the authors. For Xandra Kramer the research has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 726032), ERC consolidator project ‘Building EU Civil Justice: challenges of procedural innovations - bridging access to justice’; see www.euciviljustice.eu.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Tzankova (2015). Another mechanism would be the assignment or power of attorney model, but although facilitating access to justice and wildly used in competition matters, this procedural device is not a ‘proper’ representative collective redress mechanism.
- 2.
- 3.
Wet afwikkeling massaschade in collectieve acties (Stb. 2019,130).
- 4.
- 5.
November 2020 on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers and repealing Directive 2009/22/EC, OJ L 409/1.
- 6.
Supreme Court of the Netherlands, 27 June 1986, ECLI:NL:PHR:1986:AD3741.
- 7.
Tillema (2019), p. 273: “The number of cases brought by entrepreneurial representative organisations starts to gradually climb from 2008 onwards, but remains (well) under the level of the number of cases brought by the other representative organisations.”
- 8.
Tillema (2019), p. 274: “The findings did support the claim that there is an increased detection of mass wrongdoings, although the number of collective actions appears to have remained modest.”
- 9.
Tzankova (2016).
- 10.
Tzankova (2020).
- 11.
For a more extensive discussion of the drivers of collective litigation see: Hensler (2011).
- 12.
For the background of WCAM see: Frenk (2005).
- 13.
See for the background of the Shell-settlement: Hensler (2016).
- 14.
- 15.
Dexia, Shell, Converium and Fortis were resolved using WCAM in an international context.
- 16.
Los (2013).
- 17.
Court of Appeal Amsterdam, 25 January 2007, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2007:AZ7033.
- 18.
One of which was to postpone the start of related individual proceedings after the expiry of the opt out period and not after the binding declaration date: Kamerstukken II 2011/12, 33,126, no. 3.
- 19.
Kamerstukken II 2008/09, 31,762, no. 1, p. 5.
- 20.
Giesen et al. (2016).
- 21.
It was invoked in relation to a pending collective action only once or twice: e.g. Supreme Court of the Netherlands March 28, 2014, ECLI:NL:HR:2014:766, to clarify whether a letter sent by a non-profit organisation could bar the statute of limitation for the whole group. Many of the referrals to the Supreme Court seem to involve individual matters that concern questions of law relevant for Banks and similar institutions when dealing repeatedly with these in individual cases.
- 22.
Art. 1018a DCCP; District Court Den Haag, 5 October 2015, ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2015:11469, District Court Amsterdam, 29 March, 2018, ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2018:1681.
- 23.
Tillema (2019), p. 272.
- 24.
Van Delden et al. (2019).
- 25.
Wet Afwikkeling Massaschade in Collectieve Actie (Stb 2019,130).
- 26.
The so-called motion Dijksma, Kamerstukken II 2011/12, 33,000-XIII, no 14.
- 27.
See for a brief English outline: Kramer (2014b).
- 28.
Wet afwikkeling massaschade in collectieve acties (Stb. 2019,130).
- 29.
Article 3:305a paragraph 3 sub b DCC.
- 30.
The representative entity should be able to show that (i) the majority of the individuals on behalf of whom the collective claim is brought (the “class”), reside in the Netherlands; or (ii) the defendant resides in the Netherlands; or (iii) the event or events on which the collective action is based, took place in the Netherlands. However, the mere fact that the defendant resides in the Netherlands may not be sufficient if there is no other circumstance that connects the case to the Dutch jurisdiction.
- 31.
Article 1018f paragraph 1 DCCP.
- 32.
Article 1018f paragraph 5 DCCP.
- 33.
Article 1018g DCCP.
- 34.
Article 1018h DCCP.
- 35.
Article 1018i Dutch Code of Civil Procedure.
- 36.
Van Boom and Weber (2017).
- 37.
Article 3:305a (6) DCC.
- 38.
District Court Amsterdam, 28 October 2020, HA ZA 20-284.
- 39.
Van der Plas (2019).
- 40.
- 41.
See Kramer and Sorabji (2019), including analyses from 12 jurisdictions as well as comparative views.
- 42.
The NCC announcement is to be found here: https://www.rechtspraak.nl/SiteCollectionDocuments/factsheet-netherlands-commercial-court-and-class-actions.pdf.
- 43.
Antonopoulou (2019).
- 44.
Article 1018c paragraph 6 and article 1018d paragraph 1 DCCP.
- 45.
For a more general discussion of the topic of funding in mass claims in the Dutch context see: Tzankova (2012).
- 46.
No win no fee arrangements are currently allowed for lawyers only with respect to individual personal injury cases, thus outside the context of collective redress. The 5 year pilot initiated by the Dutch Bar Association in 2014, was positively evaluated and extended in 2019 for another 5 years, until and including 2024: Nederlandse Orde van Advocaten (2018).
- 47.
That was especially the case on the German market with Munich Re, Allianz and Fortis backing litigation funding activities on the German (speaking) market.
- 48.
Examples are Burford Capital, LCM, Omni Bridgeway.
- 49.
Although the attention of academia and practice with respect to TPF are to be considered overwhelming in recent years (only in the Netherlands, e.g. De Mot et al. 2017; Luiten 2017; Van der Krans 2018; Solas 2019), there is still an universe that needs to be explored, partly because both phenomena are moving targets: TPF and collective redress are continuously evolving.
- 50.
Art. 6:96 lid 2 DCC provides for a very limited loser pays rule. Traditionally, only fixed litigation costs are awarded, and actual lawyer’s fees are no part of it. These are dependent on the amount at stake, the number of legal motions and submissions filed with and heard by the courts. For a more detailed description of how that system works see Tzankova et al. (2014).
- 51.
Bauw and Van der Linden (2016).
- 52.
This is in itself an interesting research topic from legal methodology point of view and illustrates the virtues and vices of the application of different empirical research methods; while quantitative research is useful to illustrate certain trends or development, it fails to explain underlying issues and causes. A qualitative research method would be more suitable for that purpose.
- 53.
E.g. in Kamerstukken II 2016/17, 34,608, no. 3, p. 12.
- 54.
A common fund-doctrine insures that in class actions every group member who benefits from collective litigation or settlement ultimately contributes in the litigation costs, including the potential success fees of the funders, absent a (pre-)existing contractual agreement between the respective ‘free riding’- group member and the funder.
- 55.
Van Boom and Luiten (2015). The doctrines of ‘champerty and maintenance’ that lead to doctrinal issues and require statutory or case law solutions in common law jurisdictions are uncommon in the Netherlands.
- 56.
Liesker Procesfinanciering, Redbrest, Capaz, Weiss Capital and Omni Bridgeway.
- 57.
We speak of ‘mass claim’ because not all of them concern collective actions in the Netherlands.
- 58.
E.g. Shell, Converium and Fortis settlements.
- 59.
E.g. Dexia and VW litigations.
- 60.
E.g. follow on-damages litigations in relation to Air cargo, Sodium Chlorate and Trucks cartels.
- 61.
Article 3:305a(2) Dutch Civil Code.
- 62.
District Court Oost-Brabant, 29 June 2016, ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2016:3383; Court of Appeal Amsterdam, 14 April 1 2020, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2020:1157.
- 63.
In Shell and Converium the Amsterdam Court of Appeal applied a fairly passive approach to the topic.
- 64.
See Tzankova (2020) on the topic of agency issues under various standing models in collective redress.
- 65.
Court of Appeal Amsterdam. 13 July 2018, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2018:2422 consideration 5.20 & 5.21.
- 66.
Tzankova (2018).
- 67.
- 68.
Kalajdzic (2018).
- 69.
- 70.
Article 1018l DCCP.
- 71.
Article 1018i DCCP and article 6:96(2)(b) and (c) DCC.
- 72.
Kamerstukken II 2017/18, 34,608, no. 9, p. 5.
- 73.
- 74.
Dutch Ministry of Justice/WODC (2010), also published as a book: Van Lith (2010).
- 75.
Court of Appeal Amsterdam. 29 May 2009, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2009:BI5744 (Shell Petroleum NV/Dexia Bank NV Netherlands) [hereinafter Shell]; Court of Appeal Amsterdam, 17 January 2012, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2010:BO3908 (Scor Holding) [hereinafter Converium].
- 76.
- 77.
Shell, supra note 42. See Kramer (2014a), pp. 254–256.
- 78.
Converium, supra note 77.
- 79.
Kramer (2014a), pp. 256–258.
- 80.
- 81.
Gidi (2012), p. 953.
- 82.
Request for a preliminary ruling, Case C-709/19 (Vereniging van Effectenbezitters).
Zaak C-709/19xxx.
- 83.
- 84.
See for a more detailed discussion Kramer (2014a), pp. 262–271.
- 85.
Supra, Sect. 4.
- 86.
Supra, Sect. 2.
- 87.
Kamerstukken II 2016–2017, 34 608, no 310.
- 88.
Kramer (2014b).
- 89.
Advice Standing Committee on Private International Law and Advisory Committee Civil Procedure (Staatscommissie voor Internationaal Privaatrecht en Adviescommissie voor Burgerlijk Procesrecht), a April 2016, available at https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/blg-789395.pdf (visited 25 November 2020), at 3.4.1.
- 90.
- 91.
Though as van der Plas (2019), pp. 545–546 argues, in case a claim is based on breach of contract within the meaning of Article 7(1) Brussels I-bis the legal standing rules may be more limited than the international jurisdiction rules.
- 92.
CJEU 1 March 2005, Case C-281/02, ECR I-1383 (Owusu v Jackson).
- 93.
Article 4b Representative Actions Directive. See further Sect. 4.3.
- 94.
See on the EU legislative history also Tzankova (2020).
- 95.
Commission Recommendation of 11 June 2013 on common principles for injunctive and compensatory collective redress mechanisms in the Member States concerning violations of rights granted under Union Law, OJ L 201 pp. 60–65.
- 96.
See in relation to the WCAM, Kramer (2014a), pp. 245–248.
- 97.
Recommendation, No 21.
- 98.
Kamerstukken II 2012–2013, 22,113, no 1663.
- 99.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Towards a European Horizontal Framework for Collective Redress’, COM (2013) 401/2 final, 11 June 2013, p. 13.
- 100.
European Commission Communication (supra footnote 2), pp. 13–14.
- 101.
- 102.
Recommendation, No 15-16.
- 103.
Biard and Kramer (2019).
- 104.
Article 3 (4d) RAD.
- 105.
Article 4(3) RAD.
- 106.
Article 2(3) RAD provides that this directive is without prejudice to EU private international law rules.
References
Allemeersch B (2012) Transnational class settlements: lessons from “Converium”. In: Wrbka S, Van Uytsel S, Siems M (eds) Collective actions: enhancing access to justice and reconciling multilayer interests? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 364–384
Antonopoulou G (2019) Requirements upon agreements in favour of the NCC and the German chambers - crashing with the Brussels ibis regulation? Erasmus Law Rev 12(1):56–69
Arons T, Koster G (2017) Op weg naar collectief schadeverhaal in het Nederlands recht. Ondernemingsrecht 86(10/11):485–493
Arons T, van Boom W (2010) Beyond tulips and cheese: exporting mass securities claim settlements from the Netherlands. Eur Bus Law Rev 21(6):857–883
Bariatti S (2012) Recognition and enforcement in the EU of judicial decisions rendered upon class actions: the case of U.S. and Dutch judgments and settlements. In: Pocar F et al (eds) Recasting Brussels I: proceedings of the conference held at the University of Milan on November 25–26, 2011. CEDAM, Padova, pp 31–61
Bauw E (2019) Commercial litigation in Europe in transformation: the case of the Netherlands commercial court. Erasmus Law Rev 12(1):15–23
Bauw E, van der Linden T (2016) Onderzoek ‘Naleving Claimcode’. https://www.uu.nl/sites/default/files/rebo-rgl_vervolgonderzoek-nalevingclaimcode-2016.pdf Accessed 22 Nov 2020
Bauw E, Voet S (2017) Van Stok achter de deur tot keurslijf. NJB 2006(4):240–247
Bauw E, Koster H, Kruisinga SA (2018) De kansen voor een Netherlands Commercial Court. Boom Juridisch, Den Haag
Biard A, Kramer XE (2019) The EU Directive on representative actions for consumers: a milestone or another missed opportunity? ZEuP 27:249–260
Bosters M (2017) Het wetsvoorstel collectieve schadevergoedingsactie: de scope rule nader bekeken. NTHR 5:246–256
de Bie Leuveling J, van de Velden J (2017) Collectief schadeverhaal vanuit de optiek van de aangesproken partij. Ondernemingsrecht 85(10/11):82–92
De Mot J, Michael Faure M, Louis Visscher L (2017) Third party financing and its alternatives: an economic appraisal. In: van Boom W (ed) Litigation, costs, funding and behaviour. Routledge, Abingdon, pp 31–54
Frenk N (2005) Privaatrecht Actueel. De wet collectieve afwikkeling massaschade en de aandelenlease-affaire. WPNR 6629(569):569–570
Gidi A (2012) The recognition of U.S. class action judgments abroad: the case of Latin America. Brook J Int Law 37(3):893–965
Giesen I, Kristen FGH, de Jong ER et al (2016) De Wet prejudiciële vragen aan de Hoge Raad: een tussentijdse evaluatie in het licht van de mogelijke invoering in het strafrecht. WODC report 2016
Halfmeier A (2012) Recognition of a ‘WCAM’ settlement in Germany. NIPR 2:176–184
Hensler D (2011) How economic globalisation is helping to construct a private transnational legal order. In: Muller S et al (eds) The law of the future and the future of law. Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, Oslo. http://www.fichl.org/fileadmin/fichl/documents/FICHL_11_Web.pdf
Hensler D (2016) A class action ‘mash-up’: in re Royal Dutch/Shell transport securities litigation. In: Tzankova I, Hensler D, Hodges C (eds) Class actions in context: how culture, economics and politics shape collective litigation. Edwar Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, pp 170–188
Hess B (2012) A coherent approach to European collective redress. In: Fairgrieve D, Lein E (eds) Extraterritoriality and collective redress. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 6.01–6.31
Kaal WI, Painter RW (2012) Forum competition and choice of law competition in securities law after Morrison v. National Australia Bank. Minn Law Rev 97, 132:165–185
Kalajdzic J (2018) Class actions in Canada. The promise and reality of access to justice. UBC Press, Vancouver/Toronto, pp 101–106
Karlsgodt P (2011) Warding off “professional” objectors to class action settlements. https://classactionblawg.com/2011/03/31/warding-off-professional-objectors-to-class-action-settlements/. Accessed 20 Nov 2020
Kortmann J (2018) Wetsvoorstel afwikkeling massaschade in collectieve actie (34608). Aanzienlijk verbeterd, maar het moet nog beter! NJB 407(8)
Kramer XE (2013) Enforcing mass settlements in the European judicial area: EU policy and the strange case of Dutch collective settlements (WCAM). In: Hodges C, Stadler A (eds) Resolving mass disputes: ADR and settlement of mass claims. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 63–90
Kramer XE (2014a) Securities collective action and private international law issues in Dutch WCAM settlements: global aspirations and regional boundaries. Pac McGeorge Glob Bus Dev J 27(2):235–279
Kramer XE (2014b) Dutch draft bill on collective action for compensation – a note on extraterritorial application, Conflictoflaws.net, 20 November 2014, https://conflictoflaws.net/2014/dutch-draft-bill-on-collective-action-for-compensation-a-note-on-extraterritorial-application/
Kramer XE, Sorabji J (eds) (2019) International business courts: a European and global perspective. Eleven International Publishing, Den Haag
Lopatka J, Brooks Smith D (2012) Class action professional objectors: what to do about them? Fla State Univ Law Rev 39:865–930
Los W (2013) Toepassing van de WCAM – bespiegelingen over de rol en taak van de rechter. In: Los W et al (eds) Collectieve acties in het algemeen en de WCAM in het bijzonder. Bju, Den Haag
Luiten (2017) Third party litigation funding. Een korte introductie, Boom Juridische Uitgeverij
Nederlandse Orde van Advocaten (2018) Experiment resultaatgerelateerde beloning verlengd. https://www.advocatenorde.nl/nieuws/experiment-resultaatgerelateerde-beloning-verlengd. Accessed 22 Nov 2020
Netherlands Commercial Court Factsheet Netherlands commercial court and class actions. https://www.rechtspraak.nl/SiteCollectionDocuments/factsheet-netherlands-commercial-court-and-class-actions.pdf. Accessed 21 Nov 2020
Pavillon C, Althoff D (2017) Wijze raad is halve daad of veel raad maar weinig baat? De impact van de Aanbevelingen van de Juristengroep op het wetsvoorstel Afwikkeling massaschade in een collectieve actie. MvV 2017(3):104–115
Schelhaas HN (2019) The brand new Netherlands commercial court: a positive development? In: Kramer XE, Sorabji J (eds) International business courts. Eleven International Publishing, Den Haag, pp 45–64
Silberman LJ (2012) Morrison v. National Australia Bank: implications for global securities class actions. In: Fairgrieve D, Lein E (eds) Extraterritoriality and collective redress. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 123–138
Solas GM (2019) Third party funding: law, economics and policy. Cambridge University Press
Tillema I (2019) Entrepreneurial mass litigation: balancing the building blocks. Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam
Tzankova I (2012) Funding of mass disputes: lessons from the Netherlands. J Law Econ Policy 8(3):549–591
Tzankova I (2015) Everything you wanted to know about Dutch foundations but never dared to ask: a check list for investors part 1. VbR 5(2):149–153
Tzankova I (2016) Collective redress in Vie d’OR: a reflection on a European cultural phenomenon. In: Tzankova I, Hensler D, Hodges C (eds) Class actions in context: how culture, economics and politics shape collective litigation. Edwar Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, pp 117–134
Tzankova I (2017) Wetsvoorstel collectieve schadevergoedingsactie: Een oplossing voor welk probleem ook alweer? Tijdschrift voor Vergoeding Personenschade 16(4):107–119
Tzankova I (2018) Noot bij Gerechtshof, 13 July 2018, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2018:2422 (Wet collectieve afwikkeling massaschade Fortis/Ageas). Jurisprudentie Onderneming & Recht 6(10)
Tzankova I (2020) Legal standing in collective redress. In: Stadler A, Jeuland E, Smith V (eds) Collective and mass litigation in Europe. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 127–152
Tzankova I, Hensler D (2013) Collective settlements in the Netherlands: some empirical observations. In: Hodges C, Stadler A (eds) Resolving mass disputes: ADR and settlement of mass claims. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, pp 91–105
Tzankova I, van Lith H (2012) Class actions and class settlements going global: the Netherlands. In: Fairgrieve D, Lein E (eds) Extraterritoriality and collective redress. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 4.01–4.76
Tzankova I, Maanen v M, Rijnhart M (2014) A Dutch view on discovery: short and sweet. Def Couns J 81(3):229–238
van Boom W, Luiten L (2015) Procesfinanciering door derden. RM Themis 2015(5):188–199
van Boom W, Weber F (2017) Collectief procederen – Ontwikkelingen in Nederland en Duitsland. WPNR 2017(7145):291–299
van Delden AH, Bauw E, Lemstra JH, Okhuijsen RW, Polak RW, Tonkens-Gerkema W, van Mourik J (2019) Claimcode2019. BJU, Den Haag
van der Krans A (2018) Third party litigation funding. Onderneming en Financiering 26(2):30–41
van der Plas CG (2019) De collectieve actie 2.0 in grensoverschrijdende zaken: het territoriaal ontvankelijkheidsvereiste onder de loep. NIPR 3:537–552
van Lith H (2010) The Dutch collective settlements act and private international law; Aspecten van het Internationaal Privaatrecht in de WCAM. Maklu, Apeldoorn
Watt HM (2010) Brussels I and aggregate litigation or the case for redesigning the common judicial area in order to respond to changing dynamics, functions and structures in contemporary adjudication and litigation. IPRAX 30(2):111–116
Wautelet P (2011) Art 33. In: Magnus U, Mankowski P (eds) Brussels IIbis regelation. Sellier European Law Publishers, München, pp 634–644
Weterings W (2020, 2020) Procesfinanciering door derden bij collectieve schadevergoedingsclaims: Op zoek naar een balans. AV&S (3):81–84
Case Law
CJEU 1 March 2005, Case C-281/02, ECR I-1383 (Owusu v Jackson)
Morrison v. Nat’l Australian Bank Ltd.,130 S. Ct 2869, 2883 (2010)
Supreme Court of the Netherlands, 27 June 1986, ECLI:NL:PHR:1986:AD3741
Supreme Court of the Netherlands, 28 March 2014, ECLI:NL:HR:2014:766
Court of Appeal Amsterdam, 25 January 2007, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2007:AZ7033
Amsterdam Court of Appeal, 29 May 2009, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2009:BI5744 (Shell Petroleum NV/Dexia Bank NV Netherlands)
Court of Appeal Amsterdam, 17 January 2012, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2010:BO3908 (Converium)
Court of Appeal Amsterdam, 13 July 2018, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2018:2422
District Court Den Haag, 5 October 2015, ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2015:11469
District Court Oost-Brabant, 29 June 2016, ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2016:3383
District Court Amsterdam, 29 March 2018, ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2018:1681
District Court Amsterdam, 28 October 2020, HA ZA 20–284
Court of Appeal Amsterdam, 14 April 2020, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2020:1157
Parliamentary Documentation
Kamerstukken II 2008/09, 31762, no. 1
Kamerstukken II 2011/12, 33000-XIII, no 14
Kamerstukken II 2011/12, 33126, no. 3
Kamerstukken II 2012-2013, 22113, no 1663
Kamerstukken II 2016/17, 34608, no. 3
Kamerstukken II 2016–2017, 34 608, no 310
Kamerstukken II 2017/18, 34608, no. 9
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tzankova, I.N., Kramer, X.E. (2021). From Injunction and Settlement to Action: Collective Redress and Funding in the Netherlands. In: Uzelac, A., Voet, S. (eds) Class Actions in Europe. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 89. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73036-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73036-9_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-73035-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-73036-9
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)