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Fluid Strategies in the FREE

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Atlas of Critical Care Echocardiography

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Abstract

The Focused Rapid Echocardiographic Evaluation (FREE) is both an ultrasound exam and a style of resuscitation. It allows using fluid, vasoconstrictors, and inotropes together, personalized to the patient. It aims to optimize flow across the capillary beds by considering both arterial delivery and venous return. Treatment recommendations for fluid can change based on the strategy. Fluid-liberal strategies make sense early in shock, if there is clear evidence of end-organ hypoperfusion, and if severe respiratory failure is not a primary issue. Conversely fluid-conservative therapies are reasonable after the primary cause of shock has been addressed, and when severe respiratory failure is present. This chapter describes the resuscitation philosophy behind the FREE and how to select the correct fluid strategy. The following chapters discuss how to incorporate the strategy and echo to generate treatment recommendations.

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Abbreviations

CO:

Cardiac output

CVP:

Central venous pressure

DO2:

Oxygen delivery

FREE:

Focused Rapid Echocardiographic Evaluation

HR :

Heart rate

RAP:

Right atrial pressure

SV:

Stroke volume

SVR:

Systemic vascular resistance

VR:

Volume responsiveness

Suggested Reading

  • Malbrain ML, Marik PE, Witters I, Cordemans C, Kirkpatrick AW, Roberts DJ, Van Regenmortel N. Fluid overload, de-resuscitation, and outcomes in critically ill or injured patients: a systematic review with suggestions for clinical practice. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2014;46(5):361–80. https://doi.org/10.5603/AIT.2014.0060. PMID: 25432556

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murthi SB, Hess JR, Hess A, Stansbury LG, Scalea TM. Focused rapid echocardiographic evaluation versus vascular catheter-based assessment of cardiac output and function in critically ill trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(5):1158–64. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31824d1112. PMID: 22673240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Brooke Anderson

  2. Department of Surgery, Program in Trauma and Critical Care, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Sarah B. Murthi

Authors
  1. Brooke Anderson
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  2. Sarah B. Murthi
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sarah B. Murthi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Alexis Salerno

  2. Department of Surgery, Program in Trauma and Critical Care, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Daniel J. Haase

  3. Department of Surgery, Program in Trauma and Critical Care, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Sarah B. Murthi

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Anderson, B., Murthi, S.B. (2021). Fluid Strategies in the FREE. In: Salerno, A., Haase, D.J., Murthi, S.B. (eds) Atlas of Critical Care Echocardiography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74687-2_25

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74687-2_25

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-74685-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-74687-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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