Abstract
This paper unpacks the sustainability of Russia’s railway infrastructure, whose development faces innumerable challenges including its geography, demographic density and specific political considerations. The monopoly of companies such as Russian Railways (RZhD) over railway infrastructure, many of its freight carriers, and construction tenders have reduced business competition in this sector, and have made the railways a restrictive environment for foreign investors. Russia’s demographic challenges, which include a much denser population distribution in the western part of the country, have meant that many regions in the central and eastern parts of the country remain remote, under-populated and inaccessible, despite the wealth of natural resources located there. Government plans to improve rail access to these disconnected areas are often unfeasible and unsustainable, and few foreign investors are willing to offer their financial support to projects that likely have low yields and high risks. Poor diplomatic relations with the West have restricted Russia access to western capital markets and alternative sources of loan financing, particularly for large infrastructure projects such as rail, and many western funders have withdrawn from Russia’s rail market. Without a significant injection of foreign investment from Asian partners such as China, Japan or South Korea, improvements to Russia’s railway network are likely to remain relatively piecemeal. For Russia’s railway system to be sustainable in the long term, RZhD’s monopoly must be broken up, international partnerships with countries that have similar geographic considerations could be brokered, and Russia must re-evaluate its demographic priorities. Climate change and new geographical conditions are likely to pose an additional challenge for Russia in the coming years, but without accumulating proper engineering expertise to mitigate these issues, the country’s rail transport network is likely to lag behind those of its international counterparts.
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Notes
- 1.
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- 2.
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- 3.
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- 4.
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- 5.
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- 6.
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- 7.
Istoriya.ru (undated), ‘Transsib’, Russian-Military Historical Society, https://histrf.ru/lenta-vremeni/event/view/transsib, Accessed 4 June 2020.
- 8.
RZhD (undated), ‘Brief description of the Trans-Siberian Transport Corridor’, https://eng.rzd.ru/en/9627/page/103290?id=11923#main-header, Accessed 13 July 2020.
- 9.
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- 10.
Norberg. J. (2018), ‘Vostok 2018: about the Russian military’s brain, not its muscles’, MEMO 6470, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), https://www.foi.se/report-summary?reportNo=FOI%20MEMO%206470, Accessed 10 June 2020.
- 11.
RZhD (undated) ‘History’, https://eng.rzd.ru/en/9627, Accessed 12 July 2020.
- 12.
Markevich, A. and Mikhailova, T. (2012), ‘Economic Geography of Russia’, New Economic School, Moscow, February 2012, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/16ed/4b58dad340b475d86cffe77bdd91a53921e2.pdf, Accessed 3 May 2020.
- 13.
Putin, V.V. (2018), ‘Prezident podpisal Ukaz o natisionalniy tselyakh i strategicheskiy zadachakh razvitiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii na period do 2024 goda,’ 4 May 2018, http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/57425, Accessed 15 May 2020.
- 14.
RBK (2018), ‘Putin predlozhil razrabotat programme prostranstvennovo razvitiya Rossii’, 1 March 2018, https://realty.rbc.ru/news/5a97ca8a9a79475d3e2a6447, Accessed 4 June 2020.
- 15.
Pravitelstvo Rossii (2018), ‘Ob utverzhdenii Strategii prostranstvennovo razvitiya do 2025,’ 14 February 2019, http://government.ru/docs/35733/, Accessed 6 June 2020.
- 16.
Ministry of Transport (2018), ‘Kompleksniy plan modernizatsiy i rashireniye magistralnoy infrastrukturi na period 2018–2024’, http://government.ru/docs/34297/, Accessed 4 June 2020.
- 17.
Ibid.
- 18.
Zhuravlev, K. (2020), ‘Na god ranshe: RZhD ukoryayet modernizatsiu’ 6 April 2020, https://www.gazeta.ru/business/2020/04/06/13038151.shtml, Accessed 4 June 2020.
- 19.
Ibid.
- 20.
Solodukhin, O. (2019), Sakha News, 26 July 2019, http://www.1sn.ru/231626.html, Accessed 5 June 2020.
- 21.
Ibid.
- 22.
Ferris, E. (2020), ‘Unplugging the Baltic states: Why Russia’s economic approach may be shifting’, Russia Matters 1 July 2020, https://russiamatters.org/analysis/unplugging-baltic-states-why-russias-economic-approach-may-be-shifting, Accessed 17 July 2020.
- 23.
Ibid.
- 24.
RZhD (2020), ‘Perspektivi razvitiya vysokoskorostnovo dvizheniya v Rossii’, http://www.rzd-expo.ru/innovation/high_speed_traffic_and_infrastructure/prospects_for_the_development_of_high_speed_movement_in_russia.php, Accessed 4 June 2020.
- 25.
Ibid.
- 26.
RZhD Partner International (2018), ‘Game of Trains’, 1–2(51–52), https://www.rzd-partner.ru/upload/iblock/9d5/International_1_2018_site_min.pdf, Accessed 6 June 2020.
- 27.
US Department of the Treasury (2020), ‘Treasury sanctions illegitimate Russian-backed Crimean officials and railroad company linking Crimea to Russia’, 29 January 2020, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm889, Accessed 17 July 2020.
- 28.
Murray, B. (2014), ‘Russian Railway Reform Programme,’ European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Working Paper June 2014, Accessed 3 May 2020.
- 29.
World Bank (2020), ‘Russia: Recession and Growth under the shadow of a Pandemic’, Russia Economic Report #43, 6 July 2020, http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/879631593984780605/July5-ENG-RER43.pdf, Accessed 18 July 2020.
- 30.
Thomas, E (2020), ‘GlobalData: Russia’s construction industry is expected to shrink by 3.8% in 2020’, World Cement, 4 May 2020, https://www.worldcement.com/europe-cis/04052020/globaldata-russias-construction-industry-is-expected-to-shrink-by-38-in-2020/, Accessed 18 July 2020.
- 31.
Putin, V. (2019), ‘Meeting of the Commission on the Strategy for the Development of the Fuel and Energy industry and Environmental safety’, 27 August 2018, Kemerovo, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/58382, Accessed 17 July 2020.
- 32.
Ibid.
- 33.
Adamchuk, O. (2020), ‘Most na Sakhalin prevrashaetsya v proekt dlya geopoliticheskikh zadach’, 12 March 2020, https://www.vedomosti.ru/economics/articles/2020/03/11/824977-most-sahalin, Accessed 14 July 2020.
- 34.
Kommersant (2019), ‘Vostochny vector rossiiskovo uglya’, 5 September 2019, https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4080739, accessed 12 July 2020.
- 35.
Prestupnaya Rossiya (2018), ‘Totalniy mostopad. Pochemu v Rossii mosti padayut sotnyami a novikh prakticheski ne stroyat?’, https://crimerussia.com/gromkie-dela/totalnyy-mostopad-pochemu-v-rossii-mosty-padayut-sotnyami-a-novykh-prakticheski-ne-stroyat/. Accessed 5 May 2020.
- 36.
Kvashuk, S. (2004), ‘Geodinamika Priamurya i problem funktsionirovanniya seti zheleznikh dorog’, Khabarovsk, https://static.freereferats.ru/_avtoreferats/01002637933.pdf, accessed 4 June 2020.
- 37.
Rail Freight (2020), ‘This is Russia’s most ambitious railway project: line to Siberia’, 17 March 2020, https://www.railfreight.com/railfreight/2020/03/17/this-is-russias-most-ambitious-railway-project-line-to-siberia/, Accessed 15 July 2020.
- 38.
Ruohonen, K. (2015), ‘Finland concentrates on rail network development’, Global Railway Review, 7 April 2015, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/23378/finland-concentrates-on-rail-network-development/, Accessed 13 September 2020.
- 39.
Railway Technology (2013), ‘Russian railways: connecting a growing economy’, 30 April 2013, https://www.railway-technology.com/features/featurerussia-railways-connecting-growing-economy/, Accessed 10 July 2020.
- 40.
RZhD Partner International (2018), ‘Game of Trains’, 1–2(51–52), https://www.rzd-partner.ru/upload/iblock/9d5/International_1_2018_site_min.pdf, Accessed 6 June 2020.
- 41.
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- 46.
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- 47.
RZhD (undated), ‘Overview’, https://eng.rzd.ru/en/9635?redirected, Accessed 5 July 2020.
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Ibid.
- 51.
RZhD (undated), ‘Results and reporting’, https://eng.rzd.ru/en/9637?redirected, Accessed 5 July 2020.
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Ibid.
- 53.
Mironenko, P. (2018), ‘Corruption arrest sheds rare light on illicit big business in Russia’, The Bell, 5 October 2018, https://medium.com/@thebell.io/corruption-arrest-sheds-rare-light-on-illicit-big-business-in-russia-5e3f7bac57f5, Accessed 17 July 2020.
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RZhD Partner International (2018), ‘Game of Trains’, 1–2(51–52), https://www.rzd-partner.ru/upload/iblock/9d5/International_1_2018_site_min.pdf, Accessed 6 June 2020.
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DV Ross (2020), ‘Skorostnuyu zheleznuyu dorogu v kitaiskom Heihe postroyat k 2024 gody. A Vladivostok-Suifenhe kogda?’ 26 June 2020, http://trud-ost.ru/?p=714189, Accessed 28 June 2020.
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Pittman, R. (2005), ‘Make, Buy, or Some of Both? The Case of Russian Railways,’ SSRN, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.849504, Accessed 6 June 2020.
- 64.
Ibid.
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- 71.
Ibid.
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Ferris, E. (2022). Evaluating Russia’s Railway Infrastructure—Geography, Demography and Kremlinology. In: Marinov, M., Piip, J. (eds) Sustainable Rail Transport 4. Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82095-4_9
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