Abstract
This chapter reports preliminary findings of two surveys conducted to investigate the perspectives of instructors and students regarding their online Chinese teaching and learning experiences. Seventy-eight instructors teaching Chinese in eight countries and 133 students studying Chinese in nine countries completed the surveys before June 1, 2020. The findings revealed that a majority of instructors and students perceived online learning outcomes lower than onsite and that they would choose face-to-face or hybrid instructional modes if given a choice. However, the majority reported that they were willing to teach/take fully online courses in the future. Furthermore, the instructors expressed their confidence in teaching online, and most students indicated their overall satisfaction with online learning. These findings are discussed with relevant literature and further recommendations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The global monitoring of school closures caused by COVID-19 including the visualized evolution over time is available at https://en.unesco.org/COVID19/educationresponse.
References
Allen, I. E., & Seaman, J. (2017). Digital learning compass: Distance education enrollment report. https://onlinelearningconsortium.org/read/digital-learning-compass-distance-education-enrollment-report-2017
Arias, J., Swinton, J., & Anderson, K. (2018). Online Vs. Face-to-Face: A comparison of student outcomes with random assignment. e-Journal of Business Education & Scholarship of Teaching, 12(2), 1–23.
Bai, J., Li, C., & Yeh, W. C. (2019). Integrating technology in the teaching of advanced Chinese. Journal of Technology and Chinese Language Teaching, 10(1), 73–90.
Bernard, R., Abrami, P., Lou, Y., Borokhovski, E., Wade, A., Wozney, L., Wallet, P., Fiset, M., & Huang, B. (2004). How does distance education compare with classroom instruction? A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Review of Educational Research, 74(3), 379–439.
Best Colleges. (2019). 2019 Online education trends report. https://res.cloudinary.com/highereducation/image/upload/v1556050834/BestColleges.com/edutrends/2019-Online-Trends-in-Education-Report-BestColleges.pdf
Bonk, C., Lee, M., Reeves, T., & Reynolds, T. (Eds.). (2015). MOOCs and open education the world. Routledge.
Bonk, C. J., & Zhang, K. (2008). Empowering online learning: 100+ activities for reading, reflecting, displaying, and doing. John Wiley Sons.
Coates, D., Humphreys, B. R., Kane, J., & Vachris, M. (2004). “No significant distance” between face to face and online instruction: Evidence from principles of economics. Economics of Education Review, 23(5), 533–546.
Finkelstein, J. (2008). Learning in real time: Synchronous teaching and learning online (Jossey-Bass Guides to Online Teaching and Learning Book 5). Jossey-Bass.
Giannini, S., Jenkins, R., & Saavedra, J. (2020, May 13). Reopening schools: When, where and how? https://en.unesco.org/news/reopening-schools-when-where-and-how
Hiltz, S., & Goldman, R. (2004). Learning together online: Research on asynchronous learning networks. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020, March 27). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. Educause Review. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning
Jin, L., Xu, Y., Deifell, E., & Angus, K. (2021). Emergency remote language teaching and U.S.-based college-level world language educators’ intention to adopt online teaching in postpandemic times. The Modern Language Journal, 105(2) https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12712
Kim, K. J., Liu, S., & Bonk, C. J. (2005). Online MBA students’ perceptions of online learning: Benefits, challenges, and suggestions. Internet and Higher Education, 8(4), 335–344. Lai, C., Zhao, Y., Li, M. (2008). Designing a distance foreign language learning environment. In S. Goertler & P. Winke (Eds.), Opening doors through distance language education: Principles, perspectives, and practice (pp. 85–108). CALICO Monograph Series.
Koç, S., Liu, X., & Wachira, P. (Eds.). (2015). Assessment in online and blended learning environments (pp. 77–101). Information Age Publishing.
Kryczka, S. (2014). The graduate student learning experience in online, hybrid, and onsite courses. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northeastern University. https://repository.library.northeastern.edu/files/neu:336592/fulltext.pdf
Lai, C., Zhao, Y., & Li, M. (2008). Designing a distance foreign language learning environment. In S. Goertler & P. Winke (Eds.), Opening doors through distance language education: Principles, perspectives, and practice (pp. 85–108). CALICO Monograph Series.
Lederman, D. (2019). Professors’ slow, steady acceptance of online learning: A survey. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/survey/professors-slow-steady-acceptance-online-learning-survey
Li, J. (2019). Online Chinese program evaluation and quality control. International Chinese Language Education, 4(3), 62–70.
Li, J., & Jiang, Z. (2017). Students’ perceptions about a flipped online Chinese language course. Journal of Technology and Chinese Language Teaching, 8(2), 25–38.
Li, S. (2007). The characteristics of online Chinese language teaching and learning in higher education: Perceptions of teachers and students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation of Alliant International University.
Liang, H. (2021, April 17). Remote language teaching and learning: Opportunities and challenges for testing. Presentation given at the 2021 Annual Conference of Chinese Language Teachers Association, held virtually online via Zoom, April 8–18. https://clta-us.org/clta-annual-conference/
Liu, S. (2009). Assessment in online courses. In P. Rogers, G. Berge, J. Boettcher, C. Howard, L. Justice, & K. Shenk (Eds.), Encyclopedia of distance learning (2nd ed., pp. 103–107). Idea Group, Inc..
Liu, S. (2018). Teaching and learning Chinese language online: What and why? International Chinese Language Education, 3(2), 11–26.
Liu, S. (2020a). Similarities and differences between teaching and learning of the Chinese language online and onsite: Opportunities and challenges. Invited presentation given at the “A Series of Zoom Presentations on Remote Chinese Teaching”, organized by DoIE Chinese Language & Exchange Programs, San Francisco State University, May 29, 2020.
Liu, S. (2020b). Online, remote, hybrid/blended, hyflex: A brief discussion on teaching in different delivery modes. Invited talk given for the 6th Online Chinese Teaching Forum and Workshop (OCTFW) and Chinese Teachers Association of Michigan Conference. Organized by the Confucius Institute of Michigan State University, via Zoom, November 14, 2020.
Liu, S., Kim, K. J., Bonk, C. J., & Magjuka, R. (2007). Benefits, challenges, and suggestions: What do online MBA professors have to say about online teaching? The Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 10(2). http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/summer102/liu102.htm
Liu, X., Liu, S., Lee, S., & Magjuka, J. (2010). Cultural differences in online learning: International student perceptions. Educational Technology & Society, 13(3), 177–188.
Martinez, R., Liu, S., Watson, W., & Bichelmeyer, B. (2006). Evaluation of a web-based Master’s degree program in a Midwestern research university. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 7(3), 267–283.
Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., Bakia, M., & Jones, K. (2010). Evaluation of evidence-based practices in online learning: A meta-analysis and review of online learning studies. Available from the U.S. Department of Education at http://www.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/tech/evidence-based-practices/finalreport.pdf
Moore, M., & Anderson, W. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of distance education. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Moore, M. G., & Thompson, M. M. (1990). The effects of distance learning: A summary of literature. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 330 321.
Ni, A. (2013). Comparing the effectiveness of classroom and online learning: Teaching research methods. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 19(2), 199–215.
Palloff, R., & Pratt, K. (2008). Assessing the online learner: Resources and strategies for faculty (Jossey-Bass Guides to Online Teaching and Learning Book 13). Jossey-Bass.
Rudestam, K. E., & Schoenholtz-Read, J. (Eds.). (2009). Handbook of online learning (2nd ed.). Sage Publishing.
Russell, T. L. (2001). The no significant difference phenomenon: A comparative research annotated bibliography on technology for distance education (5th ed.). ARELLO Education and Technology Division.
Stickler, U., & Shi, L. (2013). Supporting Chinese speaking skills online. System, 41(1), 50–69. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/49513/
Su, Y. (2020). Teaching Chinese online to non-degree seeking students. Presentation given via Zoom on July 18, 2020, organized by Beijing Language and Culture University Publishing House.
Sun, M., Chen, Y., & Olson, A. (2013). Developing and implementing an online Chinese program: A Case Study. In B. Zou, M. Xing, Y. Wang, M. Sun, & C. Xiang (Eds.), Computer-assisted foreign language teaching and learning: Technological advances (pp. 160–187). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2821-2.ch010
Thormann, J., & Zimmerman, I. (2012). The complete step-by-step guide to designing and teaching online courses. Teachers College Press.
Tseng, M., Gao, Y., & Cai, L. (2019). Enhancing interaction through the effective incorporation of technology tools for a virtual Chinese language classroom. Journal of Technology and Chinese Language Teaching, 10(1), 91–113.
Vai, M., & Sosulsk, K. (2016). Essentials of online course design: A standards-based guide. Routledge.
Vorobel, O., & Kim, D. (2012). Language teaching at a distance: An overview of research. CALICO, 29(3), 548–562.
Wang, Y. (2012). E-language teaching and learning in Australia: A case study. http://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/48843/80825_1.pdf;jsessionid=3C9D4A47655AD2A416FBD375283C6ECB?sequence=1
World Health Organization. (2020). Archived: WHO timeline – COVID-19. https://www.who.int/news/item/27-04-2020-who-timeline%2D%2D-COVID-19
Xu, L., Chen, Y., & Shi, S. (2021). An analysis of international students’ experiences of online courses: Based on a survey of international students at a Chinese university. Journal of International Chinese Teaching, 1, 39–49. [徐来, 陈钰, 施妤婕 (2021),国际学生汉语课程线上学习体验调查分析—以国内某高校国际学生为例,《国际汉语教学研究》, 2021年第1期, 39–49页].
Zheng, Y. (2001). Network in the classroom and classroom on the network. Chinese Teaching in the World, 4, 98–104. [郑艳群(2001).课堂上的网络和网络上的课堂 – 从现代教育技术看对外汉语教学的发展 《世界汉语教学》, 第4期, 98–104页].
Zhu, R. (2020). Chinese language teaching in Beijing Normal University under Pandemic. Presentation given via Zoom on July 18, 2020, organized by Beijing Language and Culture University Publishing House.
Zimmerman, J. (2020, March 10). Coronavirus and the Great Online-Learning Experiment. Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/coronavirus-and-the-great-online-learning-experiment/
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Liu, S., Wang, Y., Zhan, H. (2022). Perspectives of Instructors and Students on Online Chinese Teaching and Learning in 2020: Preliminary Findings. In: Liu, S. (eds) Teaching the Chinese Language Remotely. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87055-3_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87055-3_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-87054-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-87055-3
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)