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Origin and Geomorphic Characteristics of Ocean Basins

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Submarine Geomorphology

Part of the book series: Springer Geology ((SPRINGERGEOL))

Abstract

The results of a multivariate classification of ocean basins is presented, based on an existing digital global map of seafloor features that are related to major phases of evolution, namely young, mature, declining and terminal evolutionary stages. “Young” basins are characterised by the absence of ocean trenches, young ocean crust (<8 MA), large areas of continental slope, thick sediments, and large percentage area of mid-ocean ridge rift valley (above 1.7%). “Mature” ocean basins are characterised by relatively thick sediment deposits (mean of 940 m), large percentage areas of continental rise (mean of 19.8%) and large areas of submarine fans (mean of 4.3%). The area of ocean trench is relatively small in all “mature” ocean basins, ranging from 0 to 0.3%. A defining geomorphic feature of the “declining” category is that around 1% of their area is trench. “Declining” ocean basins contain the highest concentration of seamounts (3.5–5 seamounts per 100,000 km2), which is more than double the mean value (1.4 seamounts per 100,000 km2) that occurs for the “mature” category with the next highest concentration. The “terminal” category of ocean basins is characterised by the greatest mean sediment thickness (4311 m) and greatest percentage area of submarine fans (7.2%) of any ocean basin. Bottom water occurring within 33 major bathymetric basins (located within the broader ocean basins) is found to exhibit a spatial relationship to near-bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. Gradients of decreasing DO concentration suggests bottom water pathways within basins and between adjacent basins of similar (or greater) depth.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Although the oceans are commonly stated as covering 72% of the earth, this figure includes the (submerged) continental shelves, which are geologically extensions of the continents and not part of the ocean basins. Continental shelves cover an area of 32,242,540 km2 or 8.91% of the oceans (Harris et al. 2014).

  2. 2.

    VLIZ (2005). IHO Sea Areas. Available online at http://www.marineregions.org/. Consulted on 2016-04-04.

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Acknowledgements

The work described in this paper was produced with financial support from GRID-Arendal.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. GRID-Arendal, Postboks 183, 4836, Arendal, Norway

    Peter T. Harris & Miles Macmillan-Lawler

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  1. Peter T. Harris
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  2. Miles Macmillan-Lawler
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Correspondence to Peter T. Harris .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Geology & Seafloor Surveying Group, Department of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta

    Aaron Micallef

  2. Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany

    Sebastian Krastel

  3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy

    Alessandra Savini

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Harris, P.T., Macmillan-Lawler, M. (2018). Origin and Geomorphic Characteristics of Ocean Basins. In: Micallef, A., Krastel, S., Savini, A. (eds) Submarine Geomorphology. Springer Geology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57852-1_8

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