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Regulation of Extracellular Adenosine

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The Adenosine Receptors

Part of the book series: The Receptors ((REC,volume 34))

Abstract

Adenosine receptor activation is determined by the availability of extracellular adenosine. The tissue concentration of extracellular adenosine in turn is determined by a combination of transmembrane transport through equilibrative and concentrative nucleoside transporters and intra- and extracellular metabolism. Metabolically, adenosine levels are kept in equilibrium by adenosine-producing reactions, which include ATP-degrading enzymes and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, and adenosine-consuming enzymes, which include adenosine deaminase and adenosine kinase. The equilibrium of extracellular adenosine is critical for health, but severely compromised in a wide range of pathologies. This chapter will outline key transport- and enzyme-based mechanisms that maintain extracellular adenosine homeostasis and discuss pathological implications of disrupted adenosine homeostasis. The chapter will conclude with considerations how lifestyle choices such as sleep, exercise, and diet can influence the availability of extracellular adenosine.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA

    Detlev Boison

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  1. Detlev Boison
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Correspondence to Detlev Boison .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

    Pier Andrea Borea

  2. Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

    Katia Varani

  3. Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

    Stefania Gessi

  4. Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

    Stefania Merighi

  5. Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

    Fabrizio Vincenzi

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Boison, D. (2018). Regulation of Extracellular Adenosine. In: Borea, P., Varani, K., Gessi, S., Merighi, S., Vincenzi, F. (eds) The Adenosine Receptors. The Receptors, vol 34. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90808-3_2

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