Skip to main content

Gender and Positionality: Opportunities, Challenges, and Ethical Dilemmas in Ghana and Sierra Leone

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Women Researching in Africa
  • 742 Accesses

Abstract

Positionality and intersectional gender identities are critical to the experience and outcomes of research. Van den Boogaard argues for a more reflexive and self-critical approach to research design and fieldwork, drawing on her research experiences in Ghana and Sierra Leone. She describes how gender identity may be both a limiting factor and an opportunity for female researchers, and addresses two ethical considerations that are insufficiently addressed by the current methodological literature. First, what are the implications of remaining passive in the face of dynamics between a researcher and research participant that reinforce inequality and a conventional gender hierarchy? Second, can a research participant give informed consent while at the same time believing that the researcher is powerless on account of their position and/or gender identity? She further argues for more reflexive research methods as a manner to improve research outcomes and the personal safety of researchers in the field.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acker, J., I. Barry, and U. Esseveld. 1999. Objectivity and Truth: Problems in Doing Feminist Research. In Beyond Methodology: Feminist Scholarship as Lived Research, ed. M.M. Fonow and J.A. Cook, 133–153. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alcalde, M.C. 2007. A Feminist Anthropologist’s Reflections on Dilemmas of Power and Positionality in the Field. Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism 7 (2): 143–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arendell, T. 1997. Reflections on the Researcher-Researched Relationship: A Woman Interviewing Men. Qualitative Sociology 20 (3): 341–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhutta, Z.A. 2004. Beyond Informed Consent. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 82: 771–777.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumer, H. 1969. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bucerius, S.M. 2013. Becoming a ‘Trusted Outsider’: Gender, Ethnicity, and Inequality in Ethno-Graphic Research. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 42: 690–721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, J., and M. Fonow. 1990. Knowledge and Women’s Interest: Issues of Epistemology and Methodology in Feminist Sociological Research. In Feminist Research Methods: Exemplary Readings in the Social Sciences, ed. J. McCarl Nielsen, 58–68. San Francisco, CA: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw, K. 1991. Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241–1299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crissman, H.P., R.M. Adanu, and S.D. Harlow. 2012. Women’s Sexual Empowerment and Contraceptive Use in Ghana. Studies in Family Planning 43 (3): 201–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, J.F., A.R. Sahni, and G.R. McClelland. 2006. The Importance of the Subject in Informed Consent: A Common Set of Rules for Ensuring a Two-Way Flow of Information and Addressing Subjects’ Needs. Applied Clinical Trials 15 (3): 64–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Beauvoir, S. 1949. The Second Sex, trans. H. Parshley. New York: Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denny, C.C., and C. Grady. 2007. Clinical Research with Economically Disadvantaged Populations. Journal of Medical Ethics 33: 382–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denzin, N. 1992. Symbolic Interactionism and Cultural Studies. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denzin, N., and Y. Lincoln (eds.). 1994. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowling, Robyn. 2000. Power, Subjectivity, and Ethics in Qualitative Research. In Qualitative Methods in Human Geography, ed. Iain Hay, 23–36. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • England, K.V.L. 1994. Getting Personal: Reflexivity, Positionality, and Feminist Research. Professional Geographer 46: 80–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, D.W., C. Marotte, R.I. Verdier, W.D. Johnson, and J.W. Pape. 2002. Comprehension During Informed Consent in a Less-Developed Country. Lancet 360: 1301–1302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flax, J. 1989. Postmodernism and Gender Relations in Feminist Theory. In Feminist Theory in Practice and Process, ed. M. Maslon, J. O’Barr, S. Westphal-Wihl, and M. Wyer, 51–74. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flory, J., and E. Emanuel. 2004. Interventions to Improve Research Participants’ Understanding in Informed Consent for Research: A Systematic Review. Journal of American Medical Association 292: 1593–1601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gatrell, C. 2006. Interviewing Fathers: Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork. Journal of Gender Studies 15 (3): 237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, L. 2002. Positionality Worldview and Geographical Research: A Personal Account of a Researcher Journey. Ethics, Place and Environment 5: 223–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurney, J.N. 1985. Not One of the Guys: The Female Researcher in a Male-Dominated Setting. Qualitative Sociology 8 (1): 42–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock, A.M. 2007. When Multiplication Doesn’t Equal Quick Addition: Examining Intersectionality as a Research Paradigm. Perspectives on Politics 5 (1): 63–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, S. 1991. Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking About Women’s Lives. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermanowicz, J.C. 2002. The Great Interview: 25 Strategies for Studying People in Bed. Qualitative Sociology 25 (4): 479–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz, R. 1995. Separate But Simultaneous Interviewing of Husbands and Wives: Making Sense of Their Stories. Qualitative inquiry 1 (4): 429–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J.P., H. Nast, and S. Roberts. 1997. Thresholds in Feminist Geography. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelman, H.C. 1972. The Rights of the Subject in Social Research: An Analysis in Terms of Relative Power and Legitimacy. American Psychologist 27 (11): 989–1016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman, S., and M. Copp. 1993. Emotions and Fieldwork. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Krosin, M.T., R. Klitzman, B. Levin, J. Cheng, and M.L. Ranney. 2006. Problems in Comprehension of Informed Consent in Rural and Peri-Urban Mali, West Africa. Clinical Trials 3: 306–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLean, L. 2013. The Power of the Interviewer. In Interview Research in Political Science, ed. L. Mosley, 67–84. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, L. 1992. Doing Gender: Feminism, Feminists and Research Methods in Human Geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 17: 399–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meadow, T. 2013. Studying Each Other: On Agency, Constraint and Positionality in the Field. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 42: 466–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mies, M. 1991. Women’s Research or Feminist Research? The Debate Surrounding Feminist Science and Methodology. In Beyond Methodology: Feminist Scholarship as Lived Research, ed. M.M. Fonow and J.A. Cook, 60–84. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molyneux, C.S., N. Peshu, and K. Marsh. 2004. Understanding of Informed Consent in a Low-Income Setting: Three Case Studies from the Kenyan Coast. Social Science and Medicine 59: 2547–2559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, P. 1993. Feminism as Method. Canadian Geographer 37: 48–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nast, H. (ed.). 1994. Women in the Field: Critical Feminist Methodologies and Theoretical Perspectives. Professional Geographer 46: 54–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. 1978. The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. DHEW Publication (OS) 78-0012. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oduro, A.R., R.A. Aborigo, D. Amugsi, F. Anto, T. Anyorigiya, F. Atuguba, A. Hodgson, and K.A. Koram. 2008. Understanding and Retention of the Informed Consent Process Among Parents in Rural Northern Ghana. BMC Medical Ethics 9: 12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortbals, C.D., and M.E. Rincker. 2009a. Symposium: Fieldwork, Identities, and Intersectionality: Negotiating Gender, Race, Class, Religion, Nationality, and Age in the Research Field Abroad. PS: Political Science and Politics 42: 287–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortbals, C.D., and M.E. Rincker. 2009b. Embodied Researchers: Gendered Bodies, Research Activity, and Pregnancy in the Field. PS: Political Science and Politics 42 (2): 315–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, J. 1995. Reflections on Fieldwork in a Complex Organization: Lawyers, Ethnographic Authority, and Lethal Weapons. In Studying Elites Using Qualitative Methods, ed. R. Hertz and J. Imber, 94–110. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt, G.Y. 2009. I Don’t Know Monica Lewinsky, and I’m Not in the CIA. Now How About That Interview? PS: Political Science and Politics 42 (2): 295–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinharz, S. 1993. Neglected Voices and Excessive Demands in Feminist Research. Qualitative Sociology 16 (1): 69–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reinharz, S., and L. Davidman. 1992. Feminist Methods in Social Research. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sankar, A., and J. Gubrium. 1994. Introduction. In Qualitative Methods in Aging Research, ed. J. Gubrium and A. Sankar, xii–xvii. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sayer, A., and M. Storper. 1997. Ethics Unbound: For a Normative Turn in Social Theory. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 15: 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shehata, S. 2006. Ethnography, Identity, and the Production of Knowledge. In Interpretation and Method: Empirical Research Methods and the Interpretive Turn, ed. D. Yanow and P. Shwartz-Shea, 209–227. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, M., and R. Gillian (eds.). 2001. Researching Violently Divided Societies. Ethical and Methodological Issues. London: UN University Press and Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg, J. 2003. Masculinist Epistemologies and the Politics of Fieldwork in Latin Americanist Geography. The Professional Geographer: The Journal of the Association of American Geographers 55 (2): 180–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thapar-Björkert, S., and M. Henry. 2004. Reassessing the Research Relationship: Location, Position and Power in Fieldwork Accounts. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 7: 363–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, M. 2009. Research, Identities, and Praxis: The Tensions of Integrating Identity into the Field Experience. PS: Political Science and Politics 42 (2): 325–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, S. 2013. Academic Integrity and Ethical Responsibilities in Post-genocide Rwanda: Working with Research Ethics Boards to Prepare for Fieldwork with ‘Human Subjects’. In Emotional and Ethical Challenges for Field Research in Africa: The Story Behind the Findings, ed. Susan Thomson, An Ansoms, and Jude Murison, 139–154. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend-Bell, E. 2009. Being True and Being You: Race, Gender, Class, and the Fieldwork Experience. PS: Political Science and Politics 42 (2): 311–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanderbeck, Robert M. 2005. Masculinities and Fieldwork: Widening the Discussion. Gender, Place and Culture 12 (4): 387–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, C. 1988. Gender Issues in Field Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wax, R.H. 1979. Gender and Age in Fieldwork and Fieldwork Education: No Good Thing Is Done by Any Man Alone. Social Problems 26 (5): 509–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, E.J. 2006. The Ethical Challenges of Field Research in Conflict Zones. Qualitative Sociology 29: 373–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vanessa van den Boogaard .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

van den Boogaard, V. (2019). Gender and Positionality: Opportunities, Challenges, and Ethical Dilemmas in Ghana and Sierra Leone. In: Jackson, R., Kelly, M. (eds) Women Researching in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94502-6_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94502-6_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94501-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-94502-6

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics