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Arctic Ocean Sediments, Microfauna, and the Climatic Record in Late Cenozoic Time

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Marine Geology and Oceanography of the Arctic Seas

Abstract

Deep-sea cores from the Central Arctic Basin yield significant faunal and lithologic evidence of normal and low salinity cycles superimposed upon temperature fluctuations in late Cenozoic time. Lowest temperatures correspond to the upper Pleistocene (the Brunnes normal polarity epoch), whereas higher temperatures and lower salinities were recorded by planktonic foraminifera during the Matuyama reversed polarity epoch.

Biostratigraphic and lithologic correlations between cores, some with established paleomagnetic stratigraphy, supplemented by radiometric dating and oxygen isotope measurements, were used to estimate ages and sedimentation rates as well as to reconstruct the climatic and oceanographie history of the Arctic.

Ice-rafted detritus throughout the cores indicates that high latitude glaciation commenced prior to 3 million years ago. Three major climatic units may be distinguished. The sediments of unit III were deposited earlier than 2.4 million years B.P., probably during the Gauss normal polarity epoch. Lower-than-present sedimentation rates and/or corrosive deep water may account for the selective solution of the less resistant limy tests and the impoverished character of the fauna. The paucity of the fauna precludes definitive paleoclimatic reconstruction of this period; it is tentatively suggested that environments were similar to those that prevailed during the deposition of the foraminifera-rich layers of unit I. Sediments of unit II, deposited between approximately 2.4 and 0.7 million years ago, during the Matuyama epoch, are poor in both Fe and Mn oxides and in foraminifera but contain one foraminifera-rich layer. Surface water temperatures were generally higher and salinities were lower during this period than in the preceding and following epochs. It is assumed that the Arctic was free of permanent pack-ice in Matuyama time. The Brunnes cold-“warm” temperature fluctuations are represented by 4 to 6 foraminifera-rich, foraminifera-poor sequences, possibly correlative with the classic Donau, Günz, Mindel, Riss, and Würm Glacials and intervening interglacials, respectively. The former were deposited during pack-ice-covered, the latter in seasonally pack-ice-free periods.

An apparent correspondence between geomagnetic polarity reversals and climatic changes exists.

The record of climatic changes based on paleontologie data, oxygen isotope measurements, magnetic stratigraphy, and radiometric dating indicates that the late Cenozoic major glacial-interglacial cycles were broadly synchronous throughout the world.

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  1. Department of Geology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99163, USA

    Yvonne Herman

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  1. Department of Geology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99163, USA

    Yvonne Herman

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© 1974 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

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Herman, Y. (1974). Arctic Ocean Sediments, Microfauna, and the Climatic Record in Late Cenozoic Time. In: Herman, Y. (eds) Marine Geology and Oceanography of the Arctic Seas. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87411-6_13

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87411-6_13

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