Abstract
This chapter draws on the Kampala Amendments in order to examine some critical questions from a sociological perspective with respect to how ‘acts’ and ‘crimes of aggression’ can best be defined. At the center of the analysis lies the concept of aggression. This concept has a long history in everyday language, but it is less firmly and very differently established in academic disciplines such as psychology. Clearly, the term is difficult to deploy. Even in disciplines such as social psychology, where the term is often used, there are some obvious issues. It will be argued here that the concept of aggression is not particularly helpful for explaining individual and/or collective violence. Indeed, this is precisely why sociologists usually refrain from using it.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Joas and Knöbl 2012.
- 2.
Schabas 2004, p. 18.
- 3.
Ambos 2010, p. 654.
- 4.
Dreist 2014, p. 10 (‘The existence of a state act of aggression that violates international law therefore does not automatically result in the individual criminal liability of the persons involved in such an act; on the contrary, this liability must be determined separately, which had not yet been recognized in the proceedings before the IMT in Nuremberg.’—translation by WK).
- 5.
See for a short history of the UN’s futile attempts to define ‘aggression’: Leanza 2004.
- 6.
Neither in the Treaty of Versailles nor in the UN-Charter of 1945 was the term aggression mentioned, cf. Ganser 2016, pp. 38 et seq.
- 7.
Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330–1500), http://www.atilf.fr/dmf/ (accessed 1 March 2021).
- 8.
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/aggression (accessed 1 March 2021).
- 9.
Ibid.
- 10.
Gekle 1988, p. 394.
- 11.
Dictionnaire de français ‘Littré’, http://littre.reverso.net/dictionnaire-francais/definition/agression (accessed 1 March 2021).
- 12.
Gekle 1988, p. 395.
- 13.
Hummrich 2001, p. 172 (emphasis by WK. ‘The main structural feature of the definition of aggression is the purpose pursued by the state. It is necessary to determine the motive behind the aggressive act, which is the basis and main justification for the imposition of a criminal conviction and the ethical condemnation expressed therewith’—translation by WK).
- 14.
I owe this insight to Stefanie Bock.
- 15.
Dreist 2014, p. 12.
- 16.
Chaumont and Fischer 1956, p. 523.
- 17.
Cf. Bruha 1980.
- 18.
Cf. Kaldor 1999.
- 19.
Dinstein 2015.
- 20.
Petty 2008, p. 548.
- 21.
Dreist 2014, p. 10.
- 22.
Petty 2008, p. 550.
- 23.
Ibid., p. 551 (emphasis by WK).
- 24.
Weber 1985, pp. 825 et seq.
- 25.
- 26.
Mills 1940.
- 27.
Anscombe 2000, pp. 19 et seq.
- 28.
Ruse 2018.
- 29.
Solera 2010, p. 812 (emphasis by WK).
- 30.
Schönpflug 1968, p. 104.
- 31.
See Laplanche and Pontalis 1972, p. 104.
- 32.
Schönpflug 1968, p. 106.
- 33.
Wahl 2009, p. 2.
- 34.
Ibid., pp. 2, 10.
- 35.
Krahé 2015.
- 36.
See my comments on Krahé’s essay: Knöbl 2015.
- 37.
Bauer 2011, p. 46.
- 38.
- 39.
Weber 1985, pp. 12 et seq.
- 40.
Cf. Knöbl 2017.
- 41.
References
Ambos K (2010) Das Verbrechen der Aggression nach Kampala. Zeitschrift für internationale Strafrechtsdogmatik 11:649–668
Anscombe G E M (2000) Intention, 2nd edn. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts/London
Bauer J (2011) Schmerzgrenze. Vom Ursprung alltäglicher und globaler Gewalt. Heyne Verlag, Munich
Beetham D (1987) Bureaucracy. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
Berkowitz L (1968) Aggression: Psychological Aspects. In: Sills D L (ed) International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. 1. Macmillan, New York, pp 168–174
Bruha T (1980) Die Definition der Aggression. Faktizität und Normativität des UN-Konsensbildungsprozesses der Jahre 1968 bis 1974 zugleich ein Beitrag zur Strukturanalyse des Völkerrechts. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin
Chaumont Ch, Fischer G (1956) Explication juridique d’une definition de l’agression. Annuaire français de droit international 2:521–529
Collins R (2008) Violence. A Micro-sociological Theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton/Oxford
Dinstein Y (2015) Aggression. In: Oxford Public International Law. http://opil.ouplaw.com/abstract/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e236?rskey=pcMH62&result=4&prd=OPIL (accessed 1 March 2021)
Dreist P (2014) Aggression (Straftatbestand). In: Schöbener B (ed) Völkerrecht. Lexikon zentraler Begriffe und Themen. C.F. Müller, Heidelberg, pp 7–17
Ganser D (2016) Illegale Kriege. Wie die NATO-Länder die UNO sabotieren. Eine Chronik von Kuba bis Syrien. Orell Füssli Verlag, Zurich
Gekle H (1988) Aggression. In: Canzik H (ed) Handbuch religionswissenschaftlicher Grundbegriffe. Band 1; Systematischer Teil – Alphabetischer Teil: Aberglaube – Antisemitismus. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, pp 394–406
Hummrich M (2001) Der völkerrechtliche Straftatbestand der Aggression. Historische Entwicklung, Geltung und Definition im Hinblick auf das Statut des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofes. Nomos, Baden-Baden
Joas H, Knöbl W (2012) War in Social Thought. Hobbes to the Present. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Kaldor M (1999) New and Old Wars. Organized Violence in a Global Era. Stanford University Press, Stanford
Katz J (1991) Criminal’s Passions and the Progressive’s Dilemma. In: Wolfe A (ed) America at Century’s End. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, pp 396–417
Knöbl W (2015) Motive aggressiver Handlungen versus situiertes Gewalthandeln. ‘Gewalt’ und die Problematik interdisziplinären Dialogs. In: Hartung G, Herrgen M (eds) Interdisziplinäre Anthropologie. Jahrbuch 2/2014: Gewalt und Aggression. Springer, Wiesbaden, pp 71–77
Knöbl W (2017) Perspektiven der Gewaltforschung. Mittelweg 36:4–27
Krahé B (2015) Aggression: Eine sozialpsychologische Skizze. In: Hartung G, Herrgen M (eds) Interdisziplinäre Anthropologie. Jahrbuch 2/2014: Gewalt und Aggression. Springer, Wiesbaden, pp 13–48
Laplanche J, Pontalis, J-B (1972) Das Vokabular der Psychoanalyse. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main
Leanza U (2004) The Historical Background. In: Politi M, Nesi G (eds) The International Criminal Court and the Crime of Aggression. Ashgate, Aldershot, pp 3–15
Luhmann N (1964) Funktionen und Folgen formaler Organisation. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin
Mills CW (1940) Situated Actions and Vocabularies of Motive. American Sociological Review 5:904–913
Nedelmann B (1997) Gewaltsoziologie am Scheideweg. Die Auseinandersetzungen in der gegenwärtigen und Wege der künftigen Gewaltforschung. In: von Trotha T (ed) Soziologie der Gewalt. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen, Wiesbaden, pp 59–85
Perrow C (1979) Complex Organizations. A Critical Essay, 2nd edn. Random House, New York
Petty K A (2008) Sixty Years In The Making: The Definition of Aggression for the International Criminal Court. Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 31:531–554
Popitz H (1992) Phänomene der Macht. Mohr, Tübingen
Reemtsma J P (2008) Vertrauen und Gewalt. Versuch über eine besondere Konstellation der Moderne. Hamburger Edition, Hamburg (engl.: [2012] Trust and Violence. An Essay on a Modern Relationship. Princeton University Press, Princeton/Oxford)
Ruse M (2018) On Purpose. Princeton University Press, Princeton/Oxford
Schabas W A (2004) Origins of the Criminalization of Aggression: How Crimes Against Peace Became the ‘Supreme International Crime’. In: Politi M, Nesi G (eds) The International Criminal Court and the Crime of Aggression. Ashgate, Aldershot, pp 17–32
Schönpflug U (1968) Aggression. In: Ritter J (ed), Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie Vol. 1. Schwabe & Co, Basel/Stuttgart, pp 104–110
Schuman F L (1968) Aggression: International Aspects. In: Sills D L (ed) International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol 1. Macmillan, New York, pp 174–176
Sofsky W (1996) Traktat über die Gewalt. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main
Solera O (2010) The Definition of the Crime of Aggression: Lessons not Learned. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 42:801–823
Von Trotha T (1986) Distanz und Nähe. Über Politik, Recht und Gesellschaft zwischen Selbsthilfe und Gewaltmonopol. Mohr, Tübingen
Wahl K (2009) Aggression und Gewalt. Ein biologischer, psychologischer und sozialwissenschaftlicher Überblick. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg
Weber M (1985) Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie, 5th edn. Mohr, Tübingen
Acknowledgments
For helpful comments and support I would like to thank the editors of this volume, particularly Stefanie Bock, and Christoph Fuchs at the library of the Hamburg Institute for Social Research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 T.M.C. Asser Press and the authors
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Knöbl, W. (2022). Aggression: A Sociological Perspective. In: Bock, S., Conze, E. (eds) Rethinking the Crime of Aggression. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-467-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-467-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague
Print ISBN: 978-94-6265-466-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-6265-467-9
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)