Synonyms
Definition
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) construes behavior change as an intentional process that unfolds over time and involves progress through a series of six stages of change (Prochaska, DiClemente, & Norcross, 1992a). TTM integrates processes and principles of change from across leading theories, hence the name Transtheoretical.
Description
Precontemplation is the initial stage in which individuals are not intending to take action in the foreseeable future, usually assessed as the next 6 months.
People can be in this stage due to a lack of awareness of the health consequences of a behavior.
Or, they can be demoralized about their abilities to change, like millions of people who have tried to lose weight multiple times in multiple ways. This stage is often misunderstood to mean that these people do not want to change.
The history of demoralized individuals indicates that they want to change, but they have given up on their abilities to change.
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References and Readings
Evers, K. E., Prochaska, J. O., Johnson, J. L., Mauriello, L. M., Padula, J. A., & Prochaska, J. M. (2006). A randomized clinical trial of a population and transtheoretical model-based stress-management intervention. Health Psychology, 25, 521–529.
Hall, K. L., & Rossi, J. S. (2008). Meta-analytic examination of the strong and weak principles across 48 health behaviors. Preventive Medicine, 46, 266–274.
Johnson, S. S., Driskell, M. M., Johnson, J. L., Dyment, S. J., Prochaska, J. O., Prochaska, J. M., et al. (2006). Transtheoretical model intervention for adherence to lipid-lowering drugs. Disease Management, 9, 102–114.
Prochaska, J. O. (2008). Multiple health behavior research represents the future of preventive medicine. Preventive Medicine, 46, 281–285.
Prochaska, J. O., Butterworth, S., Redding, C., Burden, V., Perrin, N., & Leo, M. (2008). Initial efficacy of MI, TTM tailoring and HRI’s with multiple behaviors for employee health promotion. Preventive Medicine, 45, 226–231.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self? change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 390–395.
Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C. (1992a). In search of how people change: Applications to the addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 47, 1102–1114.
Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C. (1992b). In search of how people change: Applications to the addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 47, 1102–1114.
Prochaska, J. O., Norcross, J. C., & DiClemente, C. C. (1994). Changing for good. New York: Morrow. Released in paperback by Avon, 1995.
Prochaska, J. O., Velicer, W. F., Fava, J. L., Rossi, J. S., & Tsoh, J. Y. (2001). Evaluating a population-based recruitment approach and a stage-based expert system intervention for smoking cessation. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 583–602.
Prochaska, J. J., Velicer, W. F., Prochaska, J. O., Deluschi, K. I., & Hall, S. M. (2006). Comparing intervention outcomes in smokers with single versus multiple behavior risks. Health Psychology, 25, 380–388.
Prochaska, J. O., Wright, J. A., & Velicer, W. F. (2008). Evaluating theories of health behavior change: A hierarchy of criteria applied to the transtheroetical model. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57(4), 561–588.
Snow, M. G., Prochaska, J. O., & Rossi, J. S. (1992). Stages of change for smoking cessation among former problem drinkers: A cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Substance Abuse, 4, 107–116.
Velicer, W. F., Redding, C. A., Sun, X., & Prochaska, J. O. (2007). Demographic variables, smoking variables, and outcome across five studies. Health Psychology, 26(3), 278–287.
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Prochaska, J.O. (2013). Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change. In: Gellman, M.D., Turner, J.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_70
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