Skip to main content

Issues in Heritage Language Learning in the United States

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Second and Foreign Language Education

Part of the book series: Encyclopedia of Language and Education ((ELE))

Abstract

This chapter traces the history of this latest field of language education from its inception, when the number of heritage languages taught at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels was very small, through to the present when new immigrant languages have also become the focus of research and ASL and Native American languages are included in the roster of heritage languages. “Issues in Heritage Language Learning in the United States” reports on the major contributions in research, publications, and curriculum development, and it proposes an ongoing research agenda to include the issues, endeavors, and solutions shared internationally. To deconstruct the influence of demographic changes and the planning challenges they present to administrators is an imperative for the field. Other issues such as the metric for evaluating growth in heritage language proficiency, identity, curriculum and assessment, ties with heritage communities, and questions of education policy are of ongoing importance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. (2012). Proficiency guidelines -speaking. Retrieved from http://www.actfl.org/publications/guidelines-and-manuals/actfl-proficiency-guidelines-2012

  • Beaudrie, S. M., & Fairclough, M. (Eds.). (2012). Spanish as a heritage language in the United States: The state of the field. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaudrie, S. M., Dukar, C. M., & Potowski, K. (2014). Heritage language teaching: Research and practice. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benmamoun, E., Montrul, S., & Polinsky, M. (2013). Heritage languages and their speakers: Opportunities and challenges for linguistics. Journal of Theoretical Linguistics, 39(3–4), 129–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brecht, R. D., & Ingold, C. W. (1998). Tapping a national resource: Heritage learners in the United States. ERIC Digest EDO-FL-98-12, ERIC clearinghouse on languages and linguistics. Retrieved from www.cal.org/ericcll/digest/brecht01.html

  • Brecht, R. D., & Rivers, W. P. (2000). Language and national security in the 21st century. Washington, DC: National Foreign Language Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brecht, R. D., Davidson, D., & Ginsberg, R. (1993). Predictors of foreign language gain during study abroad. Washington, DC: National Foreign Language Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinton, D., Kagan, O., & Bauckus, S. (Eds.). (2008). Heritage language education: A new field emerging. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrnes, H. (2005). MLJ perspectives. Modern Language Journal, 89(4), 582–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, R., & Peyton, J. K. (1998). Heritage students: A valuable language resource. ERIC Review, 6(1), 31–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, R., & Rosenthal, J. W. (2000). Heritage languages. In J. W. Rosenthal (Ed.), Handbook of undergraduate second language education (pp. 165–184). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carreira, M. (2014). Teaching heritage language learners: A study of program profiles, practices, and needs. In P. P. Trifonas & T. Aravossitas (Eds.), Rethinking heritage language education (pp. 20–44). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carreira, M., & Kagan, O. (2011). The results of the National Heritage Language Survey: Implications for teaching, curriculum design, and professional development. Foreign Language Annals, 44(1), 40–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Center for Applied Linguistics. (1999). Heritage languages conference underscores need to preserve languages. Retrieved from http://www.cal.org/heritage/conferences/postconf.html

  • Center for Applied Linguistics. (2002). 2nd national conference on heritage languages in America. Retrieved from http://www.cal.org/heritage/conferences/2002/

  • Cohen, A. D., Paige, R. M., Kappler, B., Demmessie, M., Weaver, S. J., Chi, J. C., & Lassegard, J. P. (Eds.). (2003). Maximizing study abroad: An instructors’ guide to strategies for language and culture learning and use. Minneapolis: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition (CARLA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, J. (2005). A proposal for action: Strategies for recognizing heritage language competence as a learning resource within the mainstream classroom. Modern Language Journal, 89(4), 585–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, D., & Lekic, M. D. (2013). The heritage and non-heritage learner in the overseas immersion context: Comparing learning outcomes and target-language utilization in the Russian flagship. Heritage Language Journal, 10(2), 88–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairclough, M. (2014). Spanish as a heritage language. The Routledge handbook of hispanic applied linguistics. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fee, M., Rhodes, N., & Wiley, T. (2014). Demographic realities, challenges, and opportunities. In T. G. Wiley, J. K. Peyton, D. Christian, S. C. K. Moore, & N. Liu (Eds.), Handbook of heritage, community, and Native American languages in the United States: Research, policy, and educational practice (pp. 6–18). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, J. A. (Ed.). (1966). Language loyalty in the United States. The Hague: Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, J. A. (Ed.). (1978). Advances in the study of societal multilingualism. The Hague: Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, J. A. (2001). 300-plus years of heritage language education in the United States. In J. K. Peyton, D. A. Ranard, & S. McGinnis (Eds.), Heritage languages in America: Preserving a national resource (pp. 81–98). Washington, DC/McHenry: Center for Applied Linguistics/Delta Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakuta, K. (1986). Mirror of language: The debate on bilingualism. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • He, A. W., & Xiao, Y. (Eds.). (2008). Chinese as a heritage language: Fostering rooted world citizenry (Vol. 2). Washington, DC: National Foreign Language Resource Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heritage Language Journal. Retrieved from http://www.heritagelanguages.org

  • Hornberger, N. H. (Ed.). (2003). Continua of biliteracy: An ecological framework for educational policy, research, and practice in multilingual settings. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornberger, N. H. (Ed.). (2005). Introduction. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 8(2–3), 101–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanova-Sullivan, T. (2014). Theoretical and experimental aspects of syntax-discourse interface in heritage grammars. Boston: Brill.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, O., & Dillon, K. (2001). A new perspective on teaching Russian: Focus on the heritage learner. Slavic and East European Journal, 45, 507–518. Reprinted in Heritage Language Journal 1. www.heritagelanguages.org

  • Kagan, O., & Dillon, K. (2003). Heritage speakers’ potential for high level language proficiency. In H. Byrnes & H. Maxim (Eds.), Advanced foreign language learning: A challenge to college programs (pp. 99–112). Boston: Heinle and Heinle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, O., & Friedman, D. (2004). Using the OPI to place heritage speakers of Russian. Foreign Language Annals, 36(4), 536–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, O. (2014, December 21). Schools should help the children of immigrants become truly bilingual. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-1222-kagan-heritage-languages-20141222-story.html

  • Kagan, O., Carreira, M., & Chik, C. (forthcoming). A handbook on heritage language education: From innovation to program building. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kondo-Brown, K. (Ed.). (2006). Heritage language development: Focus on East Asian immigrants (Vol. 32). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kondo-Brown, K., & Brown, J. D. (Eds.). (2008). Teaching Chinese Japanese, and Korean heritage language students: Curriculum needs, materials, and assessment. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, A. (2003). Toward a theory of heritage language acquisition: Spanish in the United States. In A. Roca & C. Colombi (Eds.), Mi Lengua. Spanish as a heritage language in the United States. Research and practice (pp. 25–50). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, A. (2014). Editor’s commentary: The first decade of the Heritage Language Journal: A retrospective view of research on heritage language acquisition. Heritage Language Journal, 12(3), 224–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, C., Swender, E., & Rivera-Martinez, M. (2013). Assessing the oral proficiency of heritage speakers according to the ACTFL proficiency guidelines 2012 – Speaking. Heritage Language Journal, 10(2), 73–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, K. (2009). The study abroad experiences of heritage language learners: Discourses of identity. Dissertation. Retrieved from http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/9744

  • Peyton, J. K., Ranard, D. A., & McGinnis, S. (Eds.). (2001). Heritage languages in America: Preserving a national resource. Washington, DC/McHenry: Center for Applied Linguistics/Delta Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pino Gonzales, B., & Pino, F. (2000). Serving the heritage speaker across a five-year program. ADFL Bulletin, 32, 27–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polinsky, M. (2008). Heritage language narratives. In D. Brinton, O. Kagan, & S. Bauckus (Eds.), Heritage language education: A new field emerging. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potowski, K. (Ed.). (2010). Language diversity in the USA. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roca, A., & Colombi, M. C. (Eds.). (2003). Mi Lengua. Spanish as a heritage language in the United States. Research and practice. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shin, S. J. (2005). Developing in two languages: Korean children in America. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swender, E., Martin, C. L., Rivera‐Martinez, M., & Kagan, O. E. (2014). Exploring oral proficiency profiles of heritage speakers of Russian and Spanish. Foreign Language Annals, 47(3), 423–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, R. (1991). Developing a language competent American society: The role of language planning. In A. G. Reynolds (Ed.), Bilingualism, multilingualism, and second language learning (pp. 65–79). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • US Census Bureau. (2000). United States Census 2000, Summary File 3. Retrieved from www.census.gov

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2014). Table B16001: Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and older for United States [data table]. American Community Survey 5-year Estimates, 2009–2013. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. Available from http://www.census.gov

  • UCLA Steering Committee. (2001). Heritage Language Research Priorities Conference Report. University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved from http://www.cal.org/heritage/priorities.html

  • Valdés, G. (1989). Teaching Spanish to Hispanic bilinguals: A look at oral proficiency testing and the proficiency movement. Hispanica, 72, 392–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valdés, G. (2000). The teaching of heritage languages: An introduction for Slavic-teaching professionals. In O. Kagan & B. Rifkin (Eds.), The learning and teaching of slavic languages and cultures (pp. 375–403). Bloomington: Slavica.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Deusen-Scholl, N. (2003). Toward a definition of heritage language: Sociopolitical and pedagogical considerations. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 2(3), 211–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X. (Ed.). (1996). A view from within: A case study of Chinese heritage community language schools in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Foreign Language Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, J., & Miller, B. (Eds.). (2000). Teaching heritage language learners: Voices from the classroom. Yonkers: American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiley, T. (2005). Literacy and literacy diversity in the United States (2nd ed.). Washington, DC/McHenry: Center for Applied Linguistics/Delta Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiley, T. (2014). The problem of defining heritage and community languages and their speakers: On the utility and limitations of definitional constructs. In T. Wiley, J. Peyton, D. Christian, S. Moore, & N. Liu (Eds.), Handbook of heritage, community, and Native American languages in the United States: Research, policy, and educational practice (pp. 19–26). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiley, T., Peyton, J., Christian, D., Moore, S., & Liu, N. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of heritage, community, and Native American languages in the United States: Research, policy, and educational practice. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, M. (2004). Assimilation, the Asian Way. In T. Jacoby (Ed.), Reinventing the melting pot: The new immigrants and what it means to be American (pp. 139–153). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Olga Kagan or Kathleen Dillon .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Cite this entry

Kagan, O., Dillon, K. (2017). Issues in Heritage Language Learning in the United States. In: Van Deusen-Scholl, N., May, S. (eds) Second and Foreign Language Education. Encyclopedia of Language and Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02246-8_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics