Abstract
The laser forming process is characterized by high temperature gradients and localized deformation. The process uses a laser to introduce thermal strains. The localized deformation along with the high temperature gradients is introduced iteratively which creates a complex and dynamic forming process. To understand the dynamic behavior of the process, various models have been used. A limitation of these models is that verification is commonly based on comparison with the final shape. The present work is an attempt to measure the dynamic response during laser forming. This work will present a laser forming setup for measuring the dynamic response of a v-bend. A 2D laser range scanner was used for measuring a line perpendicular to the laser heating scan path. By scanning multiple samples and changing the relative position of the 2D laser range scanner along the laser heating scan path, a surface can be generated. Analysis of the surface shows that the plate undergoes different deformation profiles during forming—this can help in understanding the changes that incur during laser forming. A case study is performed where the experimental results are compared with a state-of-the-art numerical model with good correlation between results. This shows that the measured dynamic response can be used for improved verification of numerical models of laser forming to increase confidence in the numerical results.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dahotre NB, Harimkar S (2008) Laser fabrication and machining of materials. Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72344-0
Shi Y, Yao Z, Shen H, Hu J (2006) Int J Mach Tools Manuf 46 (12-13):1689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2005.09.016
Geiger M (1994) CIRP Annals 43(2):563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60502-2
Vollertsen F, Komel I, Kals R (1995) Model Simul Mater Sci Eng 3(1):107. https://doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/3/1/009
Shen H, Hu J, Yao Z (2010) Opt Lasers Eng 48(3):305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2009.11.005
Shi Y, Liu Y, Yi P, Hu J (2012) Opt Laser Technol 44(2):486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2011.08.019
Shen H, Vollertsen F (2009) Comput Mater Sci 46(4):834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2009.04.022
Kant R, Joshi SN (2016) J Manuf Process 23:135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.05.017
Maji K, Pratihar D, Nath A (2016) Int J Adv Manuf Technol 83(9-12):1441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7675-0
Shi Y, Lu X, Liu Y, Yi P (2013) Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E:, Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 227(3):225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954408912458199
Genna S, Papa I, Leone C (2017) Int J Adv Manuf Technol 92(9-12):4111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-0483-y
Hsieh HS, Lin J (2004) Int J Mach Tools Manuf 44(2-3):191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2003.10.003
Reeves M, Moore A, Hand D, Jones J, Cho J, Reed R, Edwardson S, Dearden G, French P, Watkins K (2003) Proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers, Part B:, Journal of Engineering Manufacture 217(12):1685
Jezeršek M, Gruden V, Možina J (2004) Opt Express 12(20):4905. https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.12.004905
Jezersek M, Diaci J, Mozina J (2006) Optical Micro-and Nanometrology in Microsystems Technology 6188:61881O. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.662635
Thomsen AN, Kristiansen M, Kristiansen E (2019) B. Endelt, Mendeley Data. V1. https://doi.org/10.17632/2ysx86njwg.1
Edwardson S, Griffiths J, Edwards K, Dearden G, Watkins K (2010) Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:, Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 224 (5):1031. https://doi.org/10.1243/09544062JMES1776
Thomsen AN, Endelt B, Kristiansen M (2017) Phys Procedia 89:148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2017.08.003
Lambiase F, Di Ilio A, Paoletti A (2016) Int J Adv Manuf Technol 86(1-4):259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-8150-7
Chen D, Wu S, Li M (2004) J Mater Process Technol 152(1):62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.02.058
Cheng P, Yao YL, Liu C, Pratt D, Fan Y (2005) J Manuf process 7(1):28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1526-6125(05)70079-7
Zhang L, Reutzel E, Michaleris P (2004) Int J Mech Sci 46(4):623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2004.04.001
Shen H, Yao Z, Shi Y, Hu J (2007) International Journal of Modelling, Identification and Control. 2. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMIC.2007.014942
(2018) LIVERMORE SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY, CORPORATION (LSTC), LS-DYNA KEYWORD USER’S MANUAL VOLUME II Material Models ls-dyna r11 edn
Deng D, Murakawa H (2006) Comput Mater Sci 37(3):269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2005.07.007
Towfighi S, Romilly D, Olson J (2013) Mater High Temp 30:151. https://doi.org/10.1179/096034013X13717290689579
Funding
Financial support for this project by the Manufacturing Academy Denmark (MADE) under work package 3 and Innovation Fund Denmark INTERLASE project number 7050-00024B is gratefully acknowledged. The experimental equipment used for this project was supported by the Poul Due Jensen Foundation. Support for the SICK Sopas interface was provided by Radoslav Darula from Aalborg University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
(AVI 22.1 MB)
(AVI 21.0 MB)
(AVI 7.93 MB)
(AVI 22.2 MB)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Thomsen, A.N., Kristiansen, M., Kristiansen, E. et al. Online measurement of the surface during laser forming. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 107, 1569–1579 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-04950-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-04950-6