Abstract
In this work, the impact of gate material work function on the sensitivity of dual-material, double-gate, junctionless MOSFET (\(DMDG-JL-MOSFET\))-based biosensor has been studied. To enhance the sensitivity of the biosensor, optimization of gate work functions has been done through Sentaurus TCAD simulator. With the immobilization of biomolecules in the cavity at different value of work function of gate metal 1 (M1) and gate metal 2 (M2), i.e., WF1 and WF2, enhancement in sensing metrics (change in threshold voltage \(S_{V{\rm th}}\) and \(I_{ON}\)/\(I_{OFF}\) ratio) is observed. The enhancement in sensitivity is profound in source-side gate (M1) work function (WF1) optimization as compared to drain-side gate (M2) work function (WF2) optimization. Sensitivity of 90 mV is observed in source-side gate work function optimization which is \(\sim\) 89% more than the sensitivity of 23 mV which is achieved in drain-side gate work function optimization for a fixed concentration and dielectric constant of biomolecules. It has also been noted that the proposed structure exhibits \(\sim 90\%\) higher sensitivity than the single-material, dual-gate, junctionless MOSFET (\(SMDG-JL-MOSFET\)) biosensor. Results showcase that the optimization of gate metal work functions enhances the sensitivity of the biosensor.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P. Bergveld, The development and application of FET-based biosensors. Biosensors. 2(1), 15–33 (1986)
H. Im, X.-J. Huang, B. Gu, Y.-K. Choi, A dielectric-modulated field-effect transistor for biosensing. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2(7), 430–434 (2007)
C.H. Kim, C. Jung, H.G. Park, Y.K. Choi, Novel dielectric modulated field-effect transistor for label-free DNA detection. Biochip J. 2(2), 127–134 (2008)
B. Gu, T.J. Park, J.-H. Ahn, X.-J. Huang, S.Y. Lee, Y.-K. Choi, Nanogap field-effect transistor biosensors for electrical detection of avian influenza. Small 5(21), 2407–2412 (2009)
H. Wong.:Beyond the conventional MOSFET, Proceeding of 31th European Solid State Device Research Conference (69)5
A. Afzalian, N. Akhavan.: Junctionless multigate field-effect transistor, Appl.Phys.Lett. 94(5), 053511 (2009)
J.P. Colinge, C. Lee.: Reduced electric field in junctionless transistors, Appl.Phys.Lett. 94(7), 073510 (2010)
C.-W. Lee, N.D. Akhavan, High-temperature performance of silicon junctionless MOSFETs. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 57(3), 620–625 (2010)
C. Li, Y. Zhuang, R. Han, Subthreshold behavior models for nanoscale short-channel junctionless cylindrical surrounding-gate MOSFETs. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices. 60(11), 3655–3662 (2013)
T. Wang, L. Lou, C. Lee, A junctionless gate-all-around silicon nanowire FET of high linearity and its potential applications. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 34(4), 478–480 (2013)
E. Buitrago, F. Giorgos, M. Badia, M.B.Y.M. Georgiev, A.M. Ionescu, Junctionless silicon nanowire transistors for the tunable operation of a highly sensitive, low power sensor. Sens. Actuat. B: Chem. 183, 1–10 (2013)
S. Ajay, R. Narang, M. Saxena, M. Gupta, Investigation of dielectric modulated (DM) double gate (DG) junctionless MOSFETs for application as a bio-sensors. Superlattices Microstruct. 85, 557–572 (2015)
J.M. Choi, J.W. Han, S.J. Choi, Y.K. Choi, Analytical modeling of a nanogap-embedded FET for application as a biosensor. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 57(12), 3477–3484 (2010)
W. Long, K.K. Chin.:Dual material gate field effect transistor (dmg fet), International Electron Devices Meeting., IEDM Technical Diges
Ajay, R. Narang, Modeling of gate underlap junctionless double gate mosfet as bio-sensor. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 71, 240–251 (2017)
S. Singh, B. Raja, Analytical modeling of split-gate junction-less transistor for a biosensor application. Sens. Bio-Sens. Res. 18, 31–36 (2018)
M. Curreli, R. Zhang, F.N. Ishikawa, H.-K. Chang, R.J. Cote, C. Zhou, M.E. Thompson, Real-time, label-free detection of biological entities using nanowire-based FETs. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 7(6), 651–667 (2008)
A. Syahir, K. Usui, K.-Y. Tomizaki, K. Kajikawa, H. Mihara, Label and label-free detection techniques for protein microarrays. Microarrays 4, 228–244 (2015)
Y. Ohno, K. Maehashi, K. Matsumoto, Label-free biosensors based on aptamer-modified graphene field-effect transistors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 18012–18013 (2010)
B. Lakshmi, R. Srinivasan, Performance analysis of dual metal gate work function in junctionless transistors. J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 10(6), 1354–1358 (2013)
P. Dwivedi, R. Singh, Investigation the impact of the gate workfunction and biases on the sensing metrics of tfet based biosensors. Eng. Res. Express
TCAD Sentaurus Device User Manual, Synopsys, CA (2013)
M.S. Parihar, D. Ghosh, G.A. Armstrong, P. Razavi, A. Kranti, Bipolar e ects in unipolar junctionless transistors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 093507 (2012)
D.Y. Jang et al., Sublithographic vertical gold nano-gap for labelfree electrical detection of protein ligand binding. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 25, 443–447 (2007)
S. Kim, J.-H. Ahn, T.J. Park, S.Y. Lee, Y.-K. Choi, A biomolecular detection method based on charge pumping in a nanogap embedded eld-e ect-transistor biosensor, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(24), 243903 (2009)
K.-W. Lee, S.-J. Choi, J.-H. Ahn, D.-I. Moon, T.J. Park, S.Y. Lee, Y.- K Choi, An underlap eld-e ect transistor for electrical detection of influenza. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(3), 033703 (2010)
M. S. Lundstrom, Essential physics of carrier transport in nanoscale mosfets. IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices 49, 133–141 (2002)
S. Busse, V. Scheumann, B. Menges, S. Mittler, Sensitivity studies for speciic binding reactions using the biotin/streptavidin system by evanescent optical methods. Biosens. Bioelectron. 17(8), 704–710 (2002)
A. Densmore, D.-X. Xu, S. Janz, P. Waldron, T. Mischki, G. Lopinski, A. Delge, J. Lapointe, P. Cheben, B. Lamontagne, Spiral-path high-sensitivity silicon photonic wiremolecular sensor with temperature-independent response. Opt. Lett. 33(6), 596–598 (2008)
S. Kim, D. Baek, J.-Y. Kim, S.-J. Choi, M.-L. Seol, Y.-K. Choi, A transistor-based biosensor for the extraction of physical properties from biomolecules. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(7), 073703-1–073703-4 (2012)
H. Lou, L. Zhang, Y. Zhu, X. Lin, S. Yang, J. He, M. Chan, A junctionless nanowire transistor with a dual-material gate. IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices 59(7), 1829–1836 (2012)
P. Razavi, A. A. Orouji, Dual material gate oxide stack symmetric double gate MOSFET: improving short channel efects of nanoscale double gate MOSFET. In: Electronics Conference, 2008. BEC 2008. 11th International Biennial Baltic, IEEE, pp. 83–86 (2008)
P. Kasturi, M. Saxena, M. Gupta, R.S. Gupta, Dual material double-layer gate stack SON MOSFET: a novel architecture for enhanced analog performance-part I: impact of gate metal workfunction engineering. IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices 55(1), 372–381 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2007.910564
W. Long, H. Ou, J. Kuo, K.K. Chin, Dual-material gate (dmg) ield efect transistor. IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices 46(5), 865– 870 (1999)
R. K. Baruah, R. P. Paily, A dual-material gate junctionless transistor with high- k spacer for enhanced analog performance. IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices 61(1), 123–128 (2014)
A. Chakraborty, A. Sarkar, Analytical modeling and sensitivity analysis of dielectric-modulated junction-less gate stack surrounding gate MOSFET (JLGS-SRG) for application as biosensor. J. Comput. Electron. 16, 556–567 (2017)
Acknowledgements
This work is partially supported by the grant under Faculty Research Scheme (FRS/117/2017-18/ECE) and grant under DST (FIST) (257)/2020-2021/713/ECE at the Department of Electronics Engineering, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kumari, M., Singh, N.K., Sahoo, M. et al. Work function optimization for enhancement of sensitivity of dual-material (DM), double-gate (DG), junctionless MOSFET-based biosensor. Appl. Phys. A 127, 130 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-04256-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-04256-0