Abstract
Well-organized ethnic diversity plays a crucial role in performing quality environment and international trade. Discrimination, segregation and bigotry are escalating the pressure on world’s population and spreading prejudice, later as a consequence may lead to social exclusion. This study aims to investigate whether ethnic or religious diversity affects international trade and the environmental performance by using the data of 187-countries (including 56 high-income, 102 middle-income and 29 low-income countries) of the world. The results indicate that diversity (ethnic and religious) plays a significant positive impact on international trade and environmental performance of high- and middle-income countries and vice versa with low-income countries. This study further suggested that diversity cannot be abbreviated; however, its disastrous effects may be curtailed by providing equal opportunities and peace in society to ensure the well-being of people through cohesiveness.
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Appendix
Appendix
List of high-income countries:
Andorra | Ireland | Qatar |
|---|---|---|
Antigua and Barbuda | Israel | San Marino |
Australia | Italy | Saudi Arabia |
Austria | Japan | Seychelles |
Bahamas, The | Kuwait | Singapore |
Bahrain | Latvia | Slovak Republic |
Barbados | Liechtenstein | Slovenia |
Belgium | Lithuania | Spain |
Brunei Darussalam | Luxembourg | Sweden |
Canada | Malta | Hong Kong, China |
Chile | Monaco | Hungary |
Cyprus | Netherlands | Iceland |
Czech Republic | New Caledonia | Switzerland |
Denmark | New Zealand | Trinidad and Tobago |
Estonia | Norway | United Arab Emirates |
Finland | Oman | United Kingdom |
France | Palau | United States |
Germany | Poland | Uruguay |
Greece | Portugal |
List of middle-income countries:
Albania | Cameroon | Fiji | Kiribati | Morocco |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Algeria | Cape Verde | Gabon | Kyrgyz Republic | Namibia |
Angola | China | Georgia | Lao PDR | Nicaragua |
Argentina | Colombia | Ghana | Lebanon | Nigeria |
Armenia | Congo, Rep. | Grenada | Lesotho | Pakistan |
Azerbaijan | Costa Rica | Guatemala | Libya | Panama |
Bangladesh | Cote d’Ivoire | Guyana | Macedonia, FYR | Papua New Guinea |
Belarus | Croatia | Honduras | Malaysia | Paraguay |
Belize | Cuba | India | Maldives | Peru |
Bhutan | Djibouti | Indonesia | Marshall Islands | Philippines |
Bolivia | Dominica | Iran, Islamic Rep. | Mauritania | Romania |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Dominican Republic | Iraq | Mauritius | Russian Federation |
Botswana | Ecuador | Jamaica | Mexico | Samoa |
Brazil | Egypt, Arab Rep. | Jordan | Micronesia, Fed. Sts. | Sao Tome and Principe |
Bulgaria | El Salvador | Kazakhstan | Moldova | Serbia and Montenegro |
Cambodia | Equatorial Guinea | Kenya | Mongolia | Solomon Islands |
Suriname | Taiwan, China | Timor-Leste | Turkey | South Africa |
Swaziland | Tajikistan | Tonga | Turkmenistan | Sri Lanka |
Syrian Arab Republic | Thailand | Tunisia | Ukraine | St. Lucia |
Venezuela, RB | Yemen, Rep. | Vanuatu | Uzbekistan | Sudan |
Vietnam | Zambia |
List of low-income countries:
Afghanistan | Liberia | Senegal | Eritrea |
|---|---|---|---|
Benin | Madagascar | Sierra Leone | Ethiopia |
Burkina Faso | Malawi | Somalia | Gambia, The |
Burundi | Mali | Tanzania | Guinea |
Central African Republic | Mozambique | Togo | Guinea-Bissau |
Chad | Nepal | Uganda | Haiti |
Comoros | Niger | Rwanda | Zimbabwe |
Congo, Dem. Rep. |
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Ahmad, N., Amin, S. Does ethnic polarization stimulate or relegate trade and environmental performance? A global perspective. Environ Dev Sustain 22, 6513–6536 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00497-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00497-z