Abstract
Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) can enhance the flexibility and mechanical performance of graphene composite, but there are few researches focusing on dispersibility of the composite via different dispersion conditions, which mainly determine their key properties. This presented work concentrated on the influence of ultrasonic power and time on the property of NFC suspension, graphene suspension, and the composite membrane. With the increase in the ultrasonic conditions, particle size of NFC suspension decreased and the static stability of graphene suspension was improved. NFC–graphene suspension exhibited excellent static stability even adopting the low ultrasonic conditions due to the electrostatic repulsive and adhesive effect among NFCs. After enhancing shearing force induced from ultrasonic waves and cavitation, graphene sheets could be effectively detached and dispersed, and then, the planar uniformity and structural integrity of NFC–graphene membrane tended to be better, which was characterized and confirmed by morphology, chemical, and thermal and phase structure analysis. Conductivity uniformity of the seven points on the membrane exhibited an increasing trend with the increase in the ultrasonic power and time, as well as the mechanical performance, while the heating temperature uniformity had no distinct change due to the excellent thermal conductivity of the graphene. The higher ultrasonic condition was conducive to the stability of electric heating performance. Consequently, the ultrasonic treatment with different conditions had impacted the incorporation of graphene into the NFC matrix. This study’s results would be a feasible reference for the improvement of the composite used in various areas.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Blomquist N, Engstrom AC, Hummelgard M, Andres B, Forsberg S, Olin H (2016) Large-scale production of nanographite by tube-shear exfoliation in water. PLoS ONE 11:e0154686
Andres B, Forsberg S, Dahlstrom C, Blomquist N, Olin H (2014) Enhanced electrical and mechanical properties of nanographite electrodes for supercapacitors by addition of nanofibrillated cellulose. Phys Status Solidi B 251:2581–2586
Yan CY, Wang JX, Kang WB, Cui MQ, Wang X, Foo CY, Chee KJ, Lee PS (2014) Highly stretchable piezoresistive graphene–nanocellulose nanopaper for strain sensors. Adv Mater 26:2022–2027
Ren F, Tan WZ, Duan Q, Jin YL, Pei L, Ren PG, Yan DX (2019) Ultra-low gas permeable cellulose nanofiber nanocomposite films filled with highly oriented graphene oxide nanosheets induced by shear field. Carbohydr Polym 209:310–319
Fall AB, Lindstrom SB, Sundman O, Odberg L, Wagberg L (2011) Colloidal stability of aqueous nanofibrillated cellulose dispersions. Langmuir 27:11332–11338
Wang FZ, Drzal LT, Qin Y, Huang ZX (2015) Multifunctional graphene nanoplatelets/cellulose nanocrystals composite paper. Compos Part B Eng 79:521–529
Luo HL, Xie J, Xiong LL, Zhu Y, Yang ZW, Wan YZ (2019) Fabrication of flexible, ultra-strong, and highly conductive bacterial cellulose-based paper by engineering dispersion of graphene nanosheets. Compos Part B Eng 162:484–490
Shao C, Zhu ZY, Su CW, Yang S, Yuan QP (2018) Thin electric heating membrane constructed with a three-dimensional nanofibrillated cellulose–graphene–graphene oxide system. Materials 11:1727
Osong SH, Dahlstrom C, Forsberg S, Andres B, Engstrand P, Norgren S, Engstrom AC (2016) Nanofibrillated cellulose/nanographite composite films. Cellulose 23:2487–2500
Luong ND, Pahimanolis N, Hippi U, Korhonen JT, Ruokolainen J, Johansson LS, Nam JD, Seppala J (2011) Graphene/cellulose nanocomposite paper with high electrical and mechanical performances. J Mater Chem 21:13991–13998
Xu L, Teng J, Li L, Huang HD, Xu JZ, Li Y, Ren PG, Zhong GJ, Li ZM (2019) Hydrophobic graphene oxide as a promising barrier of water vapor for regenerated cellulose nanocomposite films. ACS Omega 4:509–517
Hadi A, Zahirifar J, Karimi-Sabet J, Dastbaz A (2018) Graphene nanosheets preparation using magnetic nanoparticle assisted liquid phase exfoliation of graphite: the coupled effect of ultrasound and wedging nanoparticles. Ultrason Sonochem 44:204–214
He SH, Zhang JJ, Xiao XT, Hong XM (2018) Effects of ultrasound vibration on the structure and properties of polypropylene/graphene nanoplatelets composites. Polym Eng Sci 58:377–386
Carrasco PM, Montes S, Garcia I, Borghei M, Jiang H, Odriozola I, Cabanero G, Ruiz V (2014) High-concentration aqueous dispersions of graphene produced by exfoliation of graphite using cellulose nanocrystals. Carbon 70:157–163
Pottathara YB, Thomas S, Kalarikkal N, Griesser T, Grohens Y, Bobnar V, Finsgar M, Kokol V, Kargl R (2019) UV-induced reduction of graphene oxide in cellulose nanofibril composites. New J Chem 43:681–688
Zhan Y, Xiong CX, Yang JW, Shi ZQ, Yang QL (2019) Flexible cellulose nanofibril/pristine graphene nanocomposite films with high electrical conductivity. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 119:119–126
Chen YP, Hou X, Kang RY, Liang Y, Guo LC, Dai W, Nishimura K, Lin CT, Jiang N, Yu JH (2018) Highly flexible biodegradable cellulose nanofiber/graphene heat-spreader films with improved mechanical properties and enhanced thermal conductivity. J Mater Chem C 6:12739–12745
Li XP, Shao C, Zhuo B, Yang S, Zhu ZY, Su CW, Yuan QP (2019) The use of nanofibrillated cellulose to fabricate a homogeneous and flexible graphene-based electric heating membrane. Int J Biol Macromol 139:1103–1116
Kim H, Lee S (2018) Characteristics of electrical heating elements coated with graphene nanocomposite on polyester fabric: effect of different graphene contents and annealing temperatures. Fiber Polym 19:965–976
Zhan YH, Meng YY, Li YC (2017) Electric heating behavior of flexible graphene/natural rubber conductor with self-healing conductive network. Mater Lett 192:115–118
Benhamou K, Dufresne A, Magnin A, Mortha G, Kaddami H (2014) Control of size and viscoelastic properties of nanofibrillated cellulose from palm tree by varying the TEMPO-mediated oxidation time. Carbohydr Polym 99:74–83
Boluk Y, Lahiji R, Zhao L, McDermott MT (2011) Suspension viscosities and shape parameter of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Colloid Surf A 377:297–303
Wen CX, Yuan QP, Liang H, Vriesekoop F (2014) Preparation and stabilization of d-limonene pickering emulsions by cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 112:695–700
Zhong LX, Fu SY, Peng XW, Zhan HY, Sun RC (2012) Colloidal stability of negatively charged cellulose nanocrystalline in aqueous systems. Carbohydr Polym 90:644–649
Ramanathan T, Abdala AA, Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Herrera-Alonso M, Piner RD, Adamson DH, Schniepp HC, Chen X, Ruoff RS, Nguyen ST, Aksay IA, Prud’Homme RK, Brinson LC (2008) Functionalized graphene sheets for polymer nanocomposites. Nat Nanotechnol 3:327–331
Yen MY, Hsiao MC, Liao SH, Liu PI, Tsai HM, Ma CCM, Pu NW, Ger MD (2011) Preparation of graphene/multi-walled carbon nanotube hybrid and its use as photoanodes of dye-sensitized solar cells. Carbon 49:3597–3606
Yang WX, Zhang Y, Liu TY, Huang R, Chai SG, Chen F, Fu Q (2017) Completely green approach for the preparation of strong and highly conductive graphene composite film by using nanocellulose as dispersing agent and mechanical compression. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:9102–9113
Isogai A, Saito T, Fukuzumi H (2011) TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers. Nanoscale 3:71–85
Zhu HL, Li YY, Fang ZQ, Xu JJ, Cao FY, Wan JY, Preston C, Yang B, Hu LB (2014) Highly thermally conductive papers with percolative layered boron nitride nanosheets. ACS Nano 8:3606–3613
Zhou T, Chen D, Jiu J, Nge TT, Sugahara T, Nagao S, Koga H, Nogi M, Suganuma K, Wang X, Liu X, Cheng P, Wang T, Xiong D (2013) Electrically conductive bacterial cellulose composite membranes produced by the incorporation of graphite nanoplatelets in pristine bacterial cellulose membranes. Express Polym Lett 7:756–766
Kiziltas EE, Kiziltas A, Rhodes K, Emanetoglu NW, Blumentritt M, Gardner DJ (2016) Electrically conductive nano graphite-filled bacterial cellulose composites. Carbohydr Polym 136:1144–1151
Li YY, Zhu HL, Shen F, Wan JY, Lacey S, Fang ZQ, Dai HQ, Hu LB (2015) Nanocellulose as green dispersant for two-dimensional energy materials. Nano Energy 13:346–354
Shao W, Wang SX, Liu H, Wu JM, Zhang R, Min HH, Huang M (2016) Preparation of bacterial cellulose/graphene nanosheets composite films with enhanced mechanical performances. Carbohydr Polym 138:166–171
Nair SS, Zhu JY, Deng YL, Ragauskas AJ (2014) Hydrogels prepared from cross-linked nanofibrillated cellulose. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2:772–780
Krajewska A, Pasternak I, Sobon G, Sotor J, Przewloka A, Ciuk T, Sobieski J, Grzonka J, Abramski KM, Strupinski W (2017) Fabrication and applications of multi-layer graphene stack on transparent polymer. Appl Phys Lett 110:041901
Xu XZ, Liu F, Jiang L, Zhu JY, Haagenson D, Wiesenborn DP (2013) Cellulose nanocrystals vs. cellulose nanofibrils: a comparative study on their microstructures and effects as polymer reinforcing agents. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:2999–3009
Inuwa IM, Hassan A, Samsudin SA, Kassim MHM, Jawaid M (2014) Mechanical and thermal properties of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets reinforced polyethylene terephthalate/polypropylene composites. Polym Compos 35:2029–2035
Lee KY, Tammelin T, Schulfter K, Kiiskinen H, Samela J, Bismarck A (2012) High performance cellulose nanocomposites: comparing the reinforcing ability of bacterial cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:4078–4086
Shen ZM, Feng JC (2018) Highly thermally conductive composite films based on nanofibrillated cellulose in situ coated with a small amount of silver nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:24193–24200
Rosen H, Novakov T (1977) Raman scattering and the characterisation of atmospheric aerosol particles. Nature 266:708–710
Song N, Jiao DJ, Cui SQ, Hou XS, Ding P, Shi LY (2017) Highly anisotropic thermal conductivity of layer-by-layer assembled nanofibrillated cellulose/graphene nanosheets hybrid films for thermal management. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:2924–2932
Li J, Liu X, Tomaskovic-Crook E, Crook JM, Wallace GG (2019) Smart graphene-cellulose paper for 2D or 3D “origami-inspired” human stem cell support and differentiation. Colloid Surf B 176:87–95
Zheng QF, Cai ZY, Ma ZQ, Gong SQ (2015) Cellulose nanofibril/reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube hybrid aerogels for highly flexible and all-solid-state supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:3263–3271
Wu HY, Wang ZM, Kumagai A, Endo T (2019) Amphiphilic cellulose nanofiber-interwoven graphene aerogel monolith for dyes and silicon oil removal. Compos Sci Technol 171:190–198
Wang XW, Wu PY (2018) Fluorinated carbon nanotube/nanofibrillated cellulose composite film with enhanced toughness, superior thermal conductivity and electrical insulativity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:34311–34321
Balandin AA, Ghosh S, Bao W, Calizo I, Teweldebrhan D, Miao F, Lau CN (2008) Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett 8:902–907
Maiti S, Jayaramudu J, Das K, Reddy SM, Sadiku R, Ray SS, Liu DG (2013) Preparation and characterization of nano-cellulose with new shape from different precursor. Carbohydr Polym 98:562–567
Gedler G, Antunes M, Realinho V, Velasco JI (2012) Thermal stability of polycarbonate–graphene nanocomposite foams. Polym Degrad Stabil 97:1297–1304
Song PG, Cao ZH, Cai YZ, Zhao LP, Fang ZP, Fu SY (2011) Fabrication of exfoliated graphene-based polypropylene nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. Polymer 52:4001–4010
Hsiao MC, Liao SH, Yen MY, Liu PI, Pu NW, Wang CA, Ma CCM (2010) Preparation of covalently functionalized graphene using residual oxygen-containing functional groups. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2:3092–3099
Pham TA, Kim JS, Kim JS, Jeong YT (2011) One-step reduction of graphene oxide with l-glutathione. Colloid Surf A 384:543–548
Fatah IYA, Khalil HPSA, Hossain MS, Aziz AA, Davoudpour Y, Dungani R, Bhat A (2014) Exploration of a chemo-mechanical technique for the isolation of nanofibrillated cellulosic fiber from oil palm empty fruit bunch as a reinforcing agent in compositesmaterials. Polymers 6:2611–2624
Sabbaghan M, Argyropoulos DS (2018) Synthesis and characterization of nano fibrillated cellulose/Cu2O films; micro and nano particlenucleation effects. Carbohydr Polym 197:614–622
Guo WW, Wang X, Zhang P, Liu JJ, Song L, Hu Y (2018) Nano-fibrillated cellulose-hydroxyapatite based composite foams with excellent fire resistance. Carbohydr Polym 195:71–78
Xiang M, Yang RM, Yang JJ, Zhou SL, Zhou J, Dong S (2019) Fabrication of polyamide 6/reduced graphene oxide nano-composites by conductive cellulose skeleton structure and its conductive behavior. Compos Part B Eng 167:533–543
Acknowledgements
The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No. 31700496) and the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2017GXNSFBA198015).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There are no conflicts to declare.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shao, C., Li, X., Lin, S. et al. Characterization of nanocellulose–graphene electric heating membranes prepared via ultrasonic dispersion. J Mater Sci 55, 421–437 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04006-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04006-5