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Insights into the complementary behaviour of Gd doping in GO/Gd/ZnO composites as an efficient candidate towards photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye

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Abstract

Water pollution caused by the discharge of hazardous organic pollutants from the food, textile, leather and paper industries is becoming a task for sustainable development. Photocatalysis is considered to be an effective method for removing organic contaminants from dye wastewater. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO-based catalyst based on its ability to generate electron–hole pairs upon photoillumination is limited due to its wide bandgap. In this study, novel GO/Gd/ZnO composites with varying percentages (0.3–1%) of Gd were fabricated via a hydrothermal approach and their photocatalytic degradation processes and performance of indigo carmine (IC) dye were investigated under light irradiation. The chemical composition and morphological features of the prepared GO/Gd/ZnO composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Raman and Fourier–transform infrared spectroscopy. GO/Gd/ZnO composites show much higher photocatalytic performance with complete IC dye degradation within 30 min of irradiation than bulk ZnO and GO/ZnO composite. Moreover, the optimal performance was revealed by the GO/Gd/ZnO (0.6% Gd) composite (nearly 96% degradation of IC dye). Using density functional theory, we explore the potential drop across the interface, electronic and structural properties of GO/ZnO and GO/Gd/ZnO composites. The photodegradation rate of IC dye by GO/Gd/ZnO (0.6% Gd) composite was 7.65 and 2.94-fold higher than those of bulk ZnO and GO/ZnO composite. The capture experiments revealed ˙O2− and ˙OH as the main active radicals during the photodegradation process. The theoretical and experimental findings obtained in this study indicate that GO/Gd/ZnO photocatalyst has great potential application for eliminating environmental pollutants.

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Acknowledgements

The authors will like to acknowledge the financial contributions from the Faculty of Science; Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; and the National Research Foundation (TTK170405225933). This work was performed using the computational facilities provided by the Centre for High Performance Computing (CHPC), Cape Town, South Africa.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Engineering Department, Regional Maritime University, P.O. Box GP 1115, Accra, Ghana

    Samuel Osei-Bonsu Oppong

  2. Department of Chemical Sciences (Formerly Department of Applied Chemistry), University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa

    Samuel Osei-Bonsu Oppong, Francis Opoku & Penny P. Govender

  3. CSIR-Water Research Institute, P.O. Box M.32, Accra, Ghana

    William Wilson Anku

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  1. Samuel Osei-Bonsu Oppong
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Oppong, S.OB., Opoku, F., Anku, W.W. et al. Insights into the complementary behaviour of Gd doping in GO/Gd/ZnO composites as an efficient candidate towards photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye. J Mater Sci 56, 8511–8527 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-05846-w

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