Abstract
In this paper we provide an abstract view of the long-term evolution vehicular ad-hoc network (LTE-V) and propose analytical models to obtain its reliability and survivability metrics. Various stochastic modeling techniques (such as semi-Markov process, reliability block diagrams, and Markov chains) are used to develop these models. Reliability of the LTE-V network is obtained through reliability block diagrams. In addition to reliability, the availability of channels should also be taken into consideration for a better performance of the network. To serve this purpose, measures such as blocking and dropping probabilities of service requests in various states of the reliability model are also obtained. A two-level hierarchical model is developed to obtain these measures in which the upper level is a reliability model that behaves as a Markov reward model and the lower level is a performance model for the availability of channels. Apart from a reliable network, a fault tolerant network is also required to satisfy the high expectations of the users. Therefore, various survivability measures for the LTE-V network are also evaluated which depict the impact of hardware failure and unavailability of channels on the performance measures. Further, the average number of service requests lost due to hardware failures is also obtained as a performance measure. To demonstrate the viability of our approach, numerical illustrations of the proposed models are presented. The numerical results are also validated via simulation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ozbay, K., Kachroo, P.: Incident Management in Intelligent Transportation Systems, pp. 1–248. Artech House Publishers, Norwood, MA (1999)
Wang, Y., Li, F.: Vehicular ad hoc networks. Guide to wireless ad hoc networks. Computer Communications and Networks, pp. 503–525. Springer, London (2009)
Tambawal, A.B., Noor, R.M., Salleh, R., Chembe, C., Anisi, M.S., Michael, O., Lloret, J.: Time division multiple access scheduling strategies for emerging vehicular ad-hoc network medium access control protocols: a survey. Telecommun Syst 70, 595 (2019)
Li, W., Ma, X., Wu, J., Trivedi, K.S., Huang, X.L., Liu, Q.: Analytical model and performance evaluation of long-term evolution for vehicle safety services. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 66(3), 1926–1939 (2017)
Gonzalez-Martín, M., Sepulcre, M., Molina-Masegosa, R., Gozalvez, J.: Analytical models of the performance of c-v2x mode 4 vehicular communications. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 68(2), 1155–1166 (2018)
Bazzi, A., Cecchini, G., Zanella, A., Masini, B.M.: Study of the impact of PHY and MAC parameters in 3GPP C-V2V Mode 4. IEEE Access 6, 71685–71698 (2018)
Molina-Masegosa, R., Gozalvez, J., Sepulcre, M.: Configuration of the C-V2X Mode 4 Sidelink PC5 Interface for Vehicular Communication. In Proceedings of the 2018 14th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks (MSN) (pp. 43–48). IEEE (2018, December)
Toghi, B., Saifuddin, M. D., Mahjoub, H. N., Mughal, M. O., Fallah, Y. P., Rao, J., Das, S.: Multiple access in cellular v2x: Performance analysis in highly congested vehicular networks. In: Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) (pp. 1–8). IEEE (2018, December)
Avizienis, A., Laprie, J., Randell, B., Landwehr, C.: Basic concepts and taxonomy of dependable and secure computing. IEEE Trans. Depend. Secure Comput. 1(1), 11–33 (2004)
Dharmaraja, S., Jindal, V., Varshney, U.: Reliability and survivability analysis for UMTS networks: an analytical approach. IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manage. 5(3), 132–142 (2008)
Dharmaraja, S., Vinayak, R., Trivedi, K.S.: Reliability and survivability of vehicular ad hoc networks: an analytical approach. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 153, 28–38 (2016)
Ahmad, W., Hasan, O., Pervez, U., Qadir, J.: Reliability modeling and analysis of communication networks. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 78, 191–215 (2017)
Hagin, A.A.: Performability, reliability, and survivability of communication networks: system of methods and models for evaluation. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, pp. 562–573 (1994)
Haverkort, B.R., Niemegeers, I.G.: Performability modelling tools and techniques. Perform. Eval. 25(1), 17–40 (1996)
Trivedi, K.S., Ma, X., Dharmaraja, S.: Performability modelling of wireless communication systems. Int. J. Commun. Syst. 16(6), 561–77 (2003)
Kirsal, Y., Gemikonakli, O.: Performability modelling of handoff in wireless cellular networks with channel failures and recovery. In: Proceedings of the 2009 11th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation, pp. 544–547, (2009)
Snow, A.P., Varshney, U., Malloy, A.D.: Reliability and survivability of wireless and mobile networks. Computer 33(7), 49–55 (2000)
Sterbenz, J.P., Krishnan, R., Hain, R.R., Jackson, A.W., Levin, D., Ramanathan, R. Zao, J.: Survivable mobile wireless networks: issues, challenges, and research directions. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Wireless security, pp. 31–40 (2002)
Jindal, V., Dharmaraja, S., Trivedi, K.S.: Analytical survivability model for fault tolerant cellular networks supporting multiple services. Simul. Ser. 38(3), 505 (2006)
Sterbenz, J.P., Hutchison, D., Çetinkaya, E.K., Jabbar, A., Rohrer, J.P., Schöller, M., Smith, P.: Resilience and survivability in communication networks: strategies, principles, and survey of disciplines. Comput. Netw. 54(8), 1245–65 (2010)
Ma, X., Yin, X., Trivedi, K.S.: On the reliability of safety applications in VANETs. Int. J. Perform. Eng. 8(2), 115–130 (2012)
Yin, X., Ma, X., Trivedi, K.S.: MAC and application level performance evaluation of beacon message dissemination in DSRC safety communication. Perform. Eval. 71, 1–24 (2014)
Leandro, A., Aline, C., Andre, L.L., Antonio, A.F.: A rate control video dissemination solution for extremely dynamic vehicular ad hoc networks. Perform. Eval. 87, 3–18 (2015)
Yin, X., Ma, X., Trivedi, K.S.: Reliability and performance of general two-dimensional broadcast wireless network. Perform. Eval. 95, 41–59 (2016)
Ucar, S., Ergen, S.C., Ozkasap, O.: Multihop-cluster-based IEEE 802.11 p and LTE hybrid architecture for VANET safety message dissemination. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 65(4), 2621–2636 (2016)
Gupta, V., Dharmaraja, S.: Reliability and performance modelling of VoIP system with multiple component failures. Int. J. Reliab. Saf. 7(1), 58–74 (2013)
Halabian, H., Rengaraju, P., Lung, C.H., Lambadaris, I.: A reservation-based call admission control scheme and system modeling in 4G vehicular networks. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. 2015(1), 125 (2015)
Jiang, H., Rappaport, S.S.: A channel borrowing scheme for TDMA cellular communication systems. In: Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE 45th Vehicular Technology Conference. Countdown to the Wireless Twenty-First Century, vol. 1, pp. 97–101 (1995)
Cao, G.: Integrating distributed channel allocation and adaptive handoff management for QoS-sensitive cellular networks. Wirel. Netw. 9(2), 131–142 (2003)
Sahner, R.A., Trivedi, K.S., Puliafito, A.: Performance and Reliability Analysis of Computer Systems: An Example-Based Approach Using the SHARPE Software Package. Springer, New York (2012)
Watanabe, K., Machida, M.: Outdoor lte infrastructure equipment (enodeb). FUJITSU Sci. Tech. J. 48(1), 27–32 (2012)
Akhavan Bitaghsir, S., Khonsari, A.: Modeling and improving the throughput of vehicular networks using cache enabled RSUs. Telecommun. Syst. 70, 391 (2019)
Osogami, T., Harchol-Balter, M.: Closed form solutions for mapping general distributions to quasi-minimal PH distributions. Perform. Eval. 63(6), 524–552 (2006)
Cox, C.: An Introduction to LTE: LTE, LTE-advanced, SAE and 4G Mobile Communications. Wiley, New York (2012)
Somani, A.K., Vaidya, N.H.: Understanding fault tolerance and reliability. Computer 30(4), 45–50 (1997)
Gupta, V., Dharmaraja, S.: Semi-Markov modeling of dependability of VoIP network in the presence of resource degradation and security attacks. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 96(12), 1627–1636 (2011)
Sharma, L., Kumar, B.B., Wu, S.L.: Performance analysis and adaptive DRX scheme for dual connectivity. IEEE Internet Things J. 6(6), 10289–10304 (2019)
Suzuki, K., Morita, T., Naraha, S., Miao, Z.: Core network (EPC) for LTE. NTT DOCOMO Techn. J. 13(1), 26–32 (2011)
Trivedi, K.S., Dharmarja, S., Ma, X.: Analytic modeling of handoffs in wireless cellular networks. Inf. Sci. 148(1), 155–166 (2002)
Dharmaraja, S., Trivedi, K.S., Logothetis, D.: Performance modeling of wireless networks with generally distributed handoff interarrival times. Comput. Commun. 26(15), 1747–1755 (2003)
Acknowledgements
This research work is supported by the University of Delhi. One of the authors (S.G.) is thankful to the UGC for financial support through Non-Net Fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gupta, S., Khaitan, V. Reliability and Survivability Analysis of Long-Term Evolution Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks: An Analytical Approach. J Netw Syst Manage 29, 11 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-020-09582-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-020-09582-5