Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Energetic, exergetic, environmental and economic assessment of a novel control system for indirect heaters in natural gas city gate stations

  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The energy consumption and greenhouse gases emissions in natural gas city gate stations are important issues in the natural gas industry. In order to improve efficiency, have a cleaner environment and achieve economic benefits, the present study aims to propose an optimal system for the indirect water bath heaters in natural gas city gate stations. The optimization procedure is carried out by designing a control system to gain an eligible discharge temperature for the heater based on the gas entry conditions to the city gate station. The controller calculates the temperature of hydrate formation in terms of passing gas pressure and gives this information to the torch of the heater for regulating fuel consumption. A comprehensive study is accomplished based on energy, exergy, environment and economic analysis for different pressure reduction stations. The results indicate that employing the proposed system decreases the amount of fuel consumption and greenhouse gases emissions along with increasing system efficiency. Analyzing the results reveals that using the proposed system leads to a maximum of 28.54% relative increment in the heater efficiency compared to the conventional system (at this condition, the heater efficiency of the conventional and proposed system is η = 36.12% to η = 46.43%, respectively). Furthermore, with choosing a heater with a capacity of 100,000 SCMH, it is possible to reduce the pollutants emissions and total costs down to 142.6 tons per year and 3,671,000 $ per year, respectively.

Graphic abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. \(\left[ {\frac{{{^{\eta}}{\text{Proposed system}}\,-\,{^{\eta}}{\text{Conventional system}}}}{{{^{\eta}}{\text{Conventional system}}}}} \right] \times 100\).

Abbreviations

\(E\) :

Exergy (J)

\(\dot{E}\) :

Exergy rate (W)

\(\bar{e}\) :

Specific exergy (kJ kmol−1)

\(g\) :

Gravitational acceleration (m s−2)

\(h\) :

Specific enthalpy (J kg−1)

\(\dot{m}\) :

Mass flow rate (kg s−1)

\(P\) :

Pressure (MPa)

\(\dot{Q}\) :

Heat rate (W)

\(\bar{R}\) :

Universal gas constant (J K−1 mol−1)

\(s\) :

Specific entropy (J kg−1 K−1)

\(T\) :

Temperature (°C)

\(t\) :

Time (s)

\(\dot{\forall }\) :

Volume flow rate (m3 s−1)

\(v\) :

Velocity (m s−1)

\(\dot{W}\) :

Power (W)

\(y\) :

Molar mass (–)

\(z\) :

Height (m)

\(\eta\) :

Efficiency (%)

a:

Ambient

des:

Destruction

em:

Pollutants emission

exh:

Chimney exhaust

f:

Fuel

g:

Natural gas

gas1:

Heater’s inlet gas

gas2:

Heater’s outlet gas

in:

Inlet

out:

Outlet

w:

Water

wbh:

Water bath heater

CGS:

City gate station

CS:

Cost saving

GHG:

Greenhouse gas

LHV:

Lower heating value

psig:

Gauge psi

SCMH:

Standard cubic meter per hour

References

  1. Ebrahimi-Moghadam A, Farzaneh-Gord M, Deymi-Dashtebayaz M. Correlations for estimating natural gas leakage from above-ground and buried urban distribution pipelines. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2016;34:185–96.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ebrahimi MA, Farzaneh GM, Deimi DBM. Develop an equation to calculate the amount of gas leakage from buried distribution gas pipelines. Iran J Mech Eng. 2016;18:64–86.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ebrahimi-Moghadam A, Farzaneh-Gord M, Arabkoohsar A, Moghadam AJ. CFD analysis of natural gas emission from damaged pipelines: correlation development for leakage estimation. J Clean Prod. 2018;199:257–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Deymi-Dashtebayaz M, Ebrahimi-Moghadam A, Pishbin SI, Pourramezan M. Investigating the effect of hydrogen injection on natural gas thermo-physical properties with various compositions. Energy. 2019;167:235–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Farahnak M, Farzaneh-Gord M, Deymi-Dashtebayaz M, Dashti F. Optimal sizing of power generation unit capacity in ICE-driven CCHP systems for various residential building sizes. Appl Energy. 2015;158:203–19.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Rahmati AR, Reiszadeh M. Experimental study on the effect of copper oxide nanoparticles on thermophysical properties of ethylene glycol–water for using in indirect heater at city gate stations. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2019;135:73–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6946-4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Singh OK. Combustion simulation and emission control in natural gas fuelled combustor of gas turbine. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2016;125:949–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5472-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Sodagar-Abardeh J, Ebrahimi-Moghadam A, Farzaneh-Gord M, Norouzi A. Optimizing chevron plate heat exchangers based on the second law of thermodynamics and genetic algorithm. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08742-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Farzaneh-Gord M, Pahlevan-Zadeh MS, Ebrahimi-Moghadam A, Rastgar S. Measurement of methane emission into environment during natural gas purging process. Environ Pollut. 2018;242:2014–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Khanmohammadi S, Saadat-Targhi M. Thermodynamic modeling and analysis of a novel heat recovery system in a natural gas city gate station. J Clean Prod. 2019;224:346–60.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Diao A, Wang Y, Guo Y, Feng M. Development and application of screw expander in natural gas pressure energy recovery at city gas station. Appl Therm Eng. 2018;142:665–73.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Rahmati AR, Reiszadeh M. An experimental study on the effects of the use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in ethylene glycol/water-based fluid with indirect heaters in gas pressure reducing stations. Appl Therm Eng. 2018;134:107–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Naseri A, Bidi M, Ahmadi MH. Thermodynamic and exergy analysis of a hydrogen and permeate water production process by a solar-driven transcritical CO2 power cycle with liquefied natural gas heat sink. Renew Energy. 2017;113:1215–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Naseri A, Bidi M, Ahmadi MH, Saidur R. Exergy analysis of a hydrogen and water production process by a solar-driven transcritical CO2 power cycle with Stirling engine. J Clean Prod. 2017;158:165–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Olfati M, Bahiraei M, Heidari S, Veysi F. A comprehensive analysis of energy and exergy characteristics for a natural gas city gate station considering seasonal variations. Energy. 2018;155:721–33.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Neseli MA, Ozgener O, Ozgener L. Energy and exergy analysis of electricity generation from natural gas pressure reducing stations. Energy Convers Manag. 2015;93:109–20.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Mehdizadeh-Fard M, Pourfayaz F. Advanced exergy analysis of heat exchanger network in a complex natural gas refinery. J Clean Prod. 2019;206:670–87.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Sadaghiani MS, Ahmadi MH, Mehrpooya M, Pourfayaz F, Feidt M. Process development and thermodynamic analysis of a novel power generation plant driven by geothermal energy with liquefied natural gas as its heat sink. Appl Therm Eng. 2018;133:645–58.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ahmadi MH, Mehrpooya M, Abbasi S, Pourfayaz F, Bruno JC. Thermo-economic analysis and multi-objective optimization of a transcritical CO2 power cycle driven by solar energy and LNG cold recovery. Therm Sci Eng Prog. 2017;4:185–96.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ahmadi MH, Mehrpooya M, Pourfayaz F. Exergoeconomic analysis and multi objective optimization of performance of a carbon dioxide power cycle driven by geothermal energy with liquefied natural gas as its heat sink. Energy Convers Manag. 2016;119:422–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Almegren H. Advances in natural gas technology. London: IntechOpen Limited; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Mokhatab S, Poe WA, Mak JY. Handbook of natural gas transmission and processing. Oxford: Gulf Professional Publishing; 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Farzaneh-Gord M, Izadi S, Deymi-Dashtebayaz M, Pishbin SI, Sheikhani H. Optimizing natural gas reciprocating expansion engines for Town Border pressure reduction stations based on AGA8 equation of state. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2015;26:6–17.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Farzaneh-Gord M, Khatib M, Deymi-Dashtebayaz M, Shahmardan M. Producing electrical power in addition of heat in natural gas pressure drop stations by ICE. Energy Explor Exploit. 2012;30:567–87.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Abedinzadegan Abdi M. Design and operations of natural gas handling facilities. Tehran: National Iranian Gas Company; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Moran MJ, Shapiro HN, Boettner DD, Bailey MB. Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics. New York: Wiley; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Azizi SH, Rashidmardani A, Andalibi MR. Study of preheating natural gas in gas pressure reduction station by the flue gas of indirect water bath heater. Int J Sci Eng Investig. 2014;3:17–22.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Sloan ED Jr. Fundamental principles and applications of natural gas hydrates. Nature. 2003;426:353–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Najafimoud MH, Alizadeh A, Mohamadian A, Mousavi J. Investigation of relationship between air and soil temperature at different depths and estimation of the freezing depth (case study: Khorasan Razavi). J Water Soil. 2008;22:456–66.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Akhlaghi K, Eftekhari H, Farzaneh-Gord M, Hassani M. Solar heat utilization in Birjand natural gas pressure reduction, a thermo-economic analysis. Int J Chem Environ Eng. 2011;2:267–75.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Khalili E, Heybatian E. Efficiency and heat losses of indirect water bath heater installed in natural gas pressure reduction station. In: 8th National Energy Conference, Tehran; 2010. p. 1–9.

  32. Riahi M, Yazdirad B, Jadidi M, Berenjkar F, Khoshnevisan S, Jamali M, et al. Optimization of combustion efficiency in indirect water bath heaters of Ardabil city gate stations. In: Seventh mediterranean combustion symposium, Italy; 2011.

  33. Ghaebi H, Farhang B, Rostamzadeh H, Parikhani T. Energy, exergy, economic and environmental (4E) analysis of using city gate station (CGS) heater waste for power and hydrogen production: a comparative study. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2018;43:1855–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Saadat-Targhi M, Khanmohammadi S. Energy and exergy analysis and multi-criteria optimization of an integrated city gate station with organic Rankine flash cycle and thermoelectric generator. Appl Therm Eng. 2019;149:312–24.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Li C, Zheng S, Li J, Zeng Z. Optimal design and thermo-economic analysis of an integrated power generation system in natural gas pressure reduction stations. Energy Convers Manag. 2019;200:112079.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Farzaneh-Gord M, Arabkoohsar A, Rezaei M, Deymi-Dashtebayaz M, Rahbari HR. Feasibility of employing solar energy in natural gas pressure drop stations. J Energy Inst. 2011;84:165–73. https://doi.org/10.1179/174396711X13050315650877.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Farzaneh-Gord M, Arabkoohsar A, Deymi Dasht-bayaz M, Farzaneh-Kord V. Feasibility of accompanying uncontrolled linear heater with solar system in natural gas pressure drop stations. Energy. 2012;41:420–8.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Farzaneh-Gord M, Arabkoohsar A, Deymi Dasht-bayaz M, Machado L, Koury RNN. Energy and exergy analysis of natural gas pressure reduction points equipped with solar heat and controllable heaters. Renew Energy. 2014;72:258–70.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Arabkoohsar A, Farzaneh-Gord M, Deymi-Dashtebayaz M, Machado L, Koury RNN. A new design for natural gas pressure reduction points by employing a turbo expander and a solar heating set. Renew Energy. 2015;81:239–50.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Ashouri E, Veysi F, Shojaeizadeh E, Asadi M. The minimum gas temperature at the inlet of regulators in natural gas pressure reduction stations (CGS) for energy saving in water bath heaters. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2014;21:230–40.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Gas metering stations TBS and CGS. http://www.gas-souzan.com/en/. Cited 20 Jul 2018.

  42. Deymi-Dashtebayaz M, Khorsand M, Rahbari HR. Optimization of fuel consumption in natural gas city gate station based on gas hydrate temperature (case study: Abbas Abad station). Energy Environ. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X18793107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Rashidmardani A, Hamzehei M. Effect of various parameters on indirect fired water bath heaters efficiency to reduce energy losses. Int J Sci Eng Investig. 2013;2:17–24.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Farzaneh-Kord V, Khoshnevis AB, Arabkoohsar A, Deymi-Dashtebayaz M, Aghili M, Khatib M, et al. Defining a technical criterion for economic justification of employing CHP technology in city gate stations. Energy. 2016;111:389–401.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Abbasi M, Deymi-Dashtebayaz M, Farzaneh-Gord M, Abbasi S. Assessment of a CHP system based on economical, fuel consumption and environmental considerations. Int J Glob Warm. 2015;7:256–69. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGW.2015.067757.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Kargaran M, Farzaneh-Grod M, Saberi M. The effect of precooling inlet air on CHP efficiency in natural gas pressure reduction stations. Int J Energy Technol Policy. 2013;9:238–57. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijetp.2013.060103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Cengel YA, Boles MA, Kanoğlu M. Thermodynamics: an engineering approach. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Chahartaghi M, Kalami M, Ahmadi MH, Kumar R, Jilte R. Energy and exergy analyses and thermo-economic optimization of geothermal heat pump for domestic water heating. Int J Low Carbon Technol. 2019;14:108–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/cty060.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Abdollahpour A, Ghasempour R, Kasaeian A, Ahmadi MH. Exergoeconomic analysis and optimization of a transcritical CO2 power cycle driven by solar energy based on nanofluid with liquefied natural gas as its heat sink. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2020;139:451–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08375-6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Alparslan Neseli M, Ozgener O, Ozgener L. Thermo-mechanical exergy analysis of Marmara Eregli natural gas pressure reduction station (PRS): an application. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;77:80–8.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Ebrahimi-Moghadam A, Moghadam AJ, Farzaneh-Gord M, Aliakbari K. Proposal and assessment of a novel combined heat and power system: energy, exergy, environmental and economic analysis. Energy Convers Manag. 2020;204:112307.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Sheykhi M, Chahartaghi M, Balakheli MM, Kharkeshi BA, Miri SM. Energy, exergy, environmental, and economic modeling of combined cooling, heating and power system with stirling engine and absorption chiller. Energy Convers Manag. 2019;180:183–95.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Umukoro GE, Ismail OS. Modelling emissions from natural gas flaring. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci. 2017;29:178–82.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Ismail OS, Umukoro GE. Modelling combustion reactions for gas flaring and its resulting emissions. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci. 2016;28:130–40.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Fawole OG, Cai X-M, MacKenzie AR. Gas flaring and resultant air pollution: a review focusing on black carbon. Environ Pollut. 2016;216:182–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Tobin J, King RF, Morehouse DF, Trapmann WA, Mariner-Volpe B. Natural gas 1998 issues and trends. Washington, DC; 1999. https://www.eia.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/analysis_publications/natural_gas_1998_issues_and_trends/it98.html. Accessed 14 May 2019.

  57. World Bank. Iran—energy—environment review policy note (English). Washington, DC; 2004. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/573081468752793083/Iran-Energy-Environment-Review-Policy-Note. Accessed 14 May 2019.

  58. Farajzadeh Z. Emissions tax in Iran: incorporating pollution disutility in a welfare analysis. J Clean Prod. 2018;186:618–31.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Hu X, Liu Y, Yang L, Shi Q, Zhang W, Zhong C. SO2 emission reduction decomposition of environmental tax based on different consumption tax refunds. J Clean Prod. 2018;186:997–1010.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Sanaye S, Ghafurian MM, Dastjerd FT. Applying relative net present or relative net future worth benefit and exergy efficiency for optimum selection of a natural gas engine based CCHP system for a hotel building. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2016;34:305–17.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

    Amir Ebrahimi-Moghadam & Amir Niazmand

  2. Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark

    Amir Ebrahimi-Moghadam

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center of Computational Energy, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

    Mahdi Deymi-Dashtebayaz & Hosein Jafari

Authors
  1. Amir Ebrahimi-Moghadam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mahdi Deymi-Dashtebayaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hosein Jafari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Amir Niazmand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amir Ebrahimi-Moghadam.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ebrahimi-Moghadam, A., Deymi-Dashtebayaz, M., Jafari, H. et al. Energetic, exergetic, environmental and economic assessment of a novel control system for indirect heaters in natural gas city gate stations. J Therm Anal Calorim 141, 2573–2588 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09413-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09413-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation