Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A reversible data hiding algorithm for audio files based on code division multiplexing

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, a reversible data hiding algorithm for audio files based on code division multiplexing (CDM) is proposed. In the scheme, the orthogonal spreading sequences are employed to carry the embedding data, and the host audio file can also be recovered completely after the secret message has been extracted accurately. At the same time, according the orthogonal character of the spreading sequences, the secret message can be embedded into the audio files repeatedly, and most elements of the spreading sequences are mutually canceled in the process of multi-level data embedding, which maintains the audio file in good auditory even at high data embedding capacity. Moreover, only the receiver who holds the same spreading sequences, as the sender can restore the embedded data, which enhance the security of the proposed scheme. As shown in the experimental results, the CDM based reversible data hiding (RDH) algorithm for audio files can achieve higher data embedding capacity at the same audio distortion compared with those state-of-the-art audio RDH algorithms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The format of audio files used to support the findings of this study has been deposited in the website https://tech.ebu.ch/publications/sqamcd.

References

  1. Abdulla AA (2015) Exploiting similarities between secret and cover images for improved embedding efficiency and security in digital steganography. University of Buckingham

  2. Abdulla AA, Sellahewa H, Jassim SA (2014) Steganography based on pixel intensity value decomposition. Proc. SPIE Electronic imaging security forensics steganography and watermarking of multimedia contents

  3. Abdulla A A, Sellahewa H, Jassim S A (2020) Improving embedding efficiency for digital steganography by exploiting similarities between secret and cover images[J]. Multimed Tools Appl 1–25

  4. Barton JM (1997) Method and apparatus for embedding authentication information within digital data, U.S. Patent 5646997

  5. Bobeica A, Dragoi IC et al. (2018) Capacity control for prediction error expansion based audio reversible data hiding. In: Proceedings of 22nd international conference on system theory, control and computing (ICSTCC). Sinaia, Romania, 810–815

  6. Celik MU, Sharma G, Tekalp AM, Saber E (2005) Lossless generalized-LSB data embedding[J]. Image Process IEEE Trans 14(2):253–266

  7. Cheng Z, Shen J (2016) On effective location-aware music recommendation[J]. Acm Transactions on Information Systems

  8. Coltuc D (2012) Low distortion transform for reversible watermarking[J]. IEEE Trans Image Process 21(1):412–417

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. Dragoi IC, Coltuc D (2014) Local-prediction-based difference expansion reversible watermarking[J]. IEEE IEEE Trans Image Process 23:1779–1790

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. EBU Committee: sound quality assessment material recordings for subjective tests [online]. Available: https://tech.ebu.ch/publications/sqamcd

  11. Fridrich J, Goljan M, Du R (2001) Invertible authentication. Proc SPIE 4314:197–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Fridrich J, Goljan M, Du R (2002) Lossless Data Embedding-New Paradigm in Digital Watermarking[J]”. EURASIP J Adv Signal Process pp 185–196

  13. Han S, Fujiyoshi M, Kiya H (2009) A reversible image authentication method without memorization of hiding parameters. IEICE Trans.Fundam E92-A.pp. 2572–2579

  14. Huang X, Ono N, Echizen I, et al. (2013) Reversible audio information hiding based on integer DCT coefficients with adaptive hiding locations[J]

  15. Kalker T, Willems F (2002) Capacity bounds and constructions for reversible data-hiding. Proc Int Conf Digit Signal Process 1:71–76

  16. Kamstra L, Heijmans HJAM (2005) Reversible data embedding into images using wavelet techniques and sorting. Image Process IEEE Trans 14(12):2082–2090

  17. Kim HJ, Sachnev V, Shi YQ, Nam J, Choo H-G (2008) A novel difference expansion transform for reversible data embedding. Information Forensics Secur IEEE Trans 3(3):456–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Li X, Yang B, Zeng T (2011) Efficient reversible watermarking based on adaptive prediction-error expansion and pixel selection. Image Process IEEE Trans 20(12):3524–3533

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  19. Ma B, Shi YQ (2016) A Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Based on Code Division Multiplexing[J]. IEEE Trans Information Forensics Secur 11(9):1–1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ma B, Wang X, Li Q, et al. (2019) Adaptive error prediction method based on multiple linear regression for reversible data hiding[J]. J Real-Time Image Process:821–834

  21. Ma B, Li B, Wang XY. et al. (2019) A code division multiplexing and block classification-based real-time reversible data-hiding algorithm for medical images. J Real-Time Image Proc:857–869

  22. Ni Z, Shi YQ, Ansari N, Su W, Sun Q, Lin X (2008) Robust lossless image data hiding. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 18(4):497–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Nishimura A (2011) Reversible audio data hiding using linear prediction and error expansion, in Proc. of IIHMSP2011, pp 318–321

  24. Sachnev V, Kim HJ, Nam J, Suresh S, Shi YQ (2009) Reversible data embedding using sorting and prediction. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 19(7):989–999

  25. Tai W-L, Yeh C-M, Chang C-C (2009) Reversible data hiding based on histogram modification of pixel differences. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 19(6):906–910

  26. Thodi DM, Rodríguez JJ (2007) Expansion embedding techniques for reversible watermarking. Image Process IEEE Trans 16(3):721–730

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  27. Tian J (2003) Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Techn 13(8):890–896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Wang F, Xie Z, Chen Z (2014) High capacity reversible watermarking for audio by histogram shifting and predicted error expansion. Sci World J 2014:656251

  29. Wu XY, Diao W, Hou DD, Zhang WM (2019) Reversible watermarking on stereo audio signals by exploring Inter-Channel correlation. Int J Digital Crime Forensics (IJDCF) 11(1):29–45

  30. Xiang SJ (2012) Non-integer expansion embedding for prediction-based reversible watermarking, Proceeding of the 14th Tnternational Conference IH Berkeley USA, 7692, pp. 224–239

  31. Xiang SJ, Li ZH (2017) Reversible audio data hiding algorithm using noncausal prediction of alterable orders, EURASIP journal on audio, speech, and music processing. 2017(1)4

  32. Xie XZ, Chang CC, Lin CC (2019) Reversibility-oriented secret image sharing mechanism with steganography and authentication based on code division multiplexing. IET Image Process 13(9):1411–1420

  33. Xie XZ, Chang CC, Hu YC (2020) An adaptive reversible data hiding scheme based on prediction error histogram shifting by exploiting signed-digit representation[J]. Multimed Tools Appl 79:24329–24346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Yan DQ, Wang RD (2018) Reversible data hiding for audio based on prediction error expansion. in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multiedia Signal Processing (IIHMSP ’08), pp. 249–252

  35. Yu H, Wang R , Dong L, et al. (2020) A high-capacity reversible data hiding scheme using dual-channel audio [J]. IEEE Access

Download references

Acknowledgments

The research reported in this paper was partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 61872203) and The National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 61802212).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), school of cyber security (Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Networks), Jinan, 250300, China

    Bin Ma, Jin-Cheng Hou, Chun-Peng Wang & Xiao-Ming Wu

  2. New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA

    Yun-Qing Shi

Authors
  1. Bin Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jin-Cheng Hou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chun-Peng Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xiao-Ming Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yun-Qing Shi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bin Ma.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ma, B., Hou, JC., Wang, CP. et al. A reversible data hiding algorithm for audio files based on code division multiplexing. Multimed Tools Appl 80, 17569–17581 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10532-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10532-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation