Abstract
The Large Yield Radiometer (LYRA) is an XUV–EUV–MUV (soft X-ray to mid-ultraviolet) solar radiometer onboard the European Space Agency Project for On-Board Autonomy 2 (PROBA2) mission, which was launched in November 2009. LYRA acquires solar-irradiance measurements at a high cadence (nominally 20 Hz) in four broad spectral channels, from soft X-ray to MUV, which have been chosen for their relevance to solar physics, space weather, and aeronomy. We briefly review the design of the instrument, give an overview of the data products distributed through the instrument website, and describe how the data are calibrated. We also briefly present a summary of the main fields of research currently under investigation by the LYRA consortium.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
BenMoussa, A., Schühle, U., Haenen, K., Nesládek, M., Koizumi, S., Hochedez, J.-F.: 2004, PIN diamond detector development for LYRA, the solar VUV radiometer on board PROBA II. Phys. Status Solidi, a Appl. Res. 201, 2536 – 2541. doi: 10.1002/pssa.200405187 .
BenMoussa, A., Theissen, A., Scholze, F., Hochedez, J.F., Schühle, U., Schmutz, W., Haenen, K., Stockman, Y., Soltani, A., McMullin, D., Vest, R.E., Kroth, U., Laubis, C., Richter, M., Mortet, V., Gissot, S., Delouille, V., Dominique, M., Koller, S., Halain, J.P., Remes, Z., Petersen, R., D’Olieslaeger, M., Defise, J.-M.: 2006, Performance of diamond detectors for VUV applications. Nuc. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 568, 398 – 405. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2006.06.007 .
BenMoussa, A., Dammasch, I.E., Hochedez, J.-F., Schühle, U., Koller, S., Stockman, Y., Scholze, F., Richter, M., Kroth, U., Laubis, C., Dominique, M., Kretzschmar, M., Mekaoui, S., Gissot, S., Theissen, A., Giordanengo, B., Bolsee, D., Hermans, C., Gillotay, D., Defise, J.-M., Schmutz, W.: 2009, Pre-flight calibration of LYRA, the solar VUV radiometer on board PROBA2. Astron. Astrophys. 508, 1085 – 1094. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/200913089 .
Bothmer, V., Daglis, I.A.: 2007, Space Weather – Physics and Effects, Praxis Publishing, New York.
Cessateur, G., Dudok de Wit, T., Kretzschmar, M., Lilensten, J., Hochedez, J.-F., Snow, M.: 2011, Monitoring the solar UV irradiance spectrum from the observation of a few passbands. Astron. Astrophys. 528, A68. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201015903 .
Dolla, L., Marqué, C., Seaton, D.B., Van Doorsselaere, T., Dominique, M., Berghmans, D., Cabanas, C., De Groof, A., Schmutz, W., Verdini, A., West, M.J., Zender, J., Zhukov, A.: 2012, Time delays in quasi-periodic pulsations observed during the X2.2 solar flare on 15 February 2011. Astrophys. J. Lett. 749, L16. doi: 10.1088/2041-8205/749/1/L16 .
Dominique, M., Gillotay, D., Fussen, D., Vanhellemont, F., Hochedez, J.-F., Schmutz, W.: 2009, In: Steiner, A., Pirscher, B., Foelsche, U., Kirchengast, G. (eds.) Horizons in Occultation Research, Springer, Berlin, 285 – 295.
Dudok de Wit, T., Kretzschmar, M., Lilensten, J., Woods, T.: 2009, Finding the best proxies for the solar UV irradiance. Geophys. Res. Lett. 361, L10107. doi: 10.1029/2009GL037825 .
Fontenla, J.M., Curdt, W., Haberreiter, M., Harder, J., Tian, H.: 2009, Semiempirical models of the solar atmosphere. III. Set of non-LTE models for far-ultraviolet/extreme-ultraviolet irradiance computation. Astrophys. J. 707, 482 – 502. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/482 .
Haberreiter, M., Schmutz, W., Hubeny, I.: 2008, NLTE model calculations for the solar atmosphere with an iterative treatment of opacity distribution functions. Astron. Astrophys. 492, 833 – 840. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:200809503 .
Hochedez, J.-F., Zhukov, A., Robbrecht, E., van der Linden, R., Berghmans, D., Vanlommel, P., Theissen, A., Clette, F.: 2005, Solar weather monitoring. Ann. Geophys. 23, 3149 – 3161. doi: 10.5194/angeo-23-3149-2005 .
Hochedez, J.-F., Schmutz, W., Stockman, Y., Schühle, U., Benmoussa, A., Koller, S., Haenen, K., Berghmans, D., Defise, J.-M., Halain, J.-P., Theissen, A., Delouille, V., Slemzin, V., Gillotay, D., Fussen, D., Dominique, M., Vanhellemont, F., McMullin, D., Kretzschmar, M., Mitrofanov, A., Nicula, B., Wauters, L., Roth, H., Rozanov, E., Rüedi, I., Wehrli, C., Soltani, A., Amano, H., van der Linden, R., Zhukov, A., Clette, F., Koizumi, S., Mortet, V., Remes, Z., Petersen, R., Nesládek, M., D’Olieslaeger, M., Roggen, J., Rochus, P.: 2006, LYRA, a solar UV radiometer on PROBA2. Adv. Space Res. 37, 303 – 312. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.10.041 .
Judge, D.L., McMullin, D.R., Ogawa, H.S., Hovestadt, D., Klecker, B., Hilchenbach, M., Mobius, E., Canfield, L.R., Vest, R.E., Watts, R., Tarrio, C., Kuehne, M., Wurz, P.: 1998, First solar EUV irradiances obtained from SOHO by the CELIAS/SEM. Solar Phys. 177, 161 – 173. ADS: 1998SoPh..177..161J , doi: 10.1023/A:1004929011427 .
Koesterke, L., Allende Prieto, C., Lambert, D.L.: 2008, Center-to-limb variation of solar three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations. Astrophys. J. 680, 764 – 773. doi: 10.1086/587471 .
Krivova, N.A., Solanki, S.K., Wenzler, T., Podlipnik, B.: 2009, Reconstruction of solar UV irradiance since 1974. J. Geophys. Res. 114, D13. doi: 10.1029/2009JD012375 .
Lean, J., Rottman, G., Harder, J., Kopp, G.: 2005, SORCE contributions to new understanding of global change and solar variability. Solar Phys. 230, 27 – 53. ADS: 2005SoPh..230...27L , doi: 10.1007/s11207-005-1527-2 .
Neckel, H.: 2005, Analytical reference functions F(λ) for the Sun’s limb darkening and its absolute continuum intensities (λλ 300 to 1100 m). Solar Phys. 229, 13 – 33. ADS: 2005SoPh..229...13N , doi: 10.1007/s11207-005-4081-z .
Rottman, G.J., Woods, T.N., Sparn, T.P.: 1993, Solar-stellar irradiance comparison experiment 1. I – instrument design and operation. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 10667 – 10677. doi: 10.1029/93JD00462 .
Schmutz, W., Fehlmann, A., Hülsen, G., Meindl, P., Winkler, R., Thuillier, G., Blattner, P., Buisson, F., Egorova, T., Finsterle, W., Fox, N., Gröbner, J., Hochedez, J.-F., Koller, S., Meftah, M., Meisonnier, M., Nyeki, S., Pfiffner, D., Roth, H., Rozanov, E., Spescha, M., Wehrli, C., Werner, L., Wyss, J.U.: 2009, The PREMOS/PICARD instrument calibration. Metrologia 46, 202 – 206. doi: 10.1088/0026-1394/46/4/S13 .
Seaton, D., Berghmans, D., Nicula, B., Halain, J.P., De Groof, A., Thibert, T., Bloomfield, D.S., Raftery, C.L., Gallagher, P.T., Auchère, F., Defise, J.-M., D’Huys, E., Lecat, J.-H., Mazy, E., Rochus, P., Rossi, L., Schühle, U., Slemzin, V., Yalim, M.S., Zender, J.: 2013, The SWAP EUV imaging telescope part I: instrument overview and pre-flight testing. Solar Phys. doi: 10.1007/s11207-012-0114-6 .
Shapiro, A.I., Schmutz, W., Schoell, M., Haberreiter, M., Rozanov, E.: 2010, NLTE solar irradiance modeling with the COSI code. Astron. Astrophys. 517, A48. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/200913987 .
Shapiro, A.I., Schmutz, W., Dominique, M., Shapiro, A.V.: 2013, Eclipses observed by LYRA – a sensitive tool to test the solar atmosphere models. Solar Phys. doi: 10.1007/s11207-012-0063-0 .
Van Doorsselaere, T., De Groof, A., Zender, J., Berghmans, D., Goossens, M.: 2011, LYRA observations of two oscillation modes in a single flare. Astrophys. J. 740, 90. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/740/2/90 .
Woodraska, D.L., Woods, T.N., Eparvier, F.G.: 2004, In-flight calibration and performance of the solar extreme ultraviolet experiment (SEE) aboard the TIMED satellite. In: Nardell, C.A., Lucey, P.G., Yee, J.H., Garvin, J.B. (eds.) SPIE CS-5660, 36 – 47. doi: 10.1117/12.579034 .
Woods, T.N., Rottman, G.J., Ucker, G.J.: 1993, Solar-stellar irradiance comparison experiment 1. II – instrument calibrations. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 10679 – 10694. doi: 10.1029/93JD00463 .
Woods, T., Eparvier, F., Hock, R., Jones, A., Woodraska, D., Judge, D., Didkovsky, L., Lean, J., Mariska, J., Warren, H., McMullin, D., Chamberlin, P., Berthiaume, G., Bailey, S., Fuller-Rowell, T., Sojka, J., Tobiska, W., Viereck, R.: 2012, Extreme ultraviolet variability experiment (EVE) on the solar dynamics observatory (SDO): overview of science objectives, instrument design, data products, and model developments. Solar Phys. 275, 115 – 143. ADS: 2012SoPh..275..115W , doi: 10.1007/s11207-009-9487-6 .
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge support from the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office through the ESA-PRODEX program. LYRA is a project of the Centre Spatial de Liège, the Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, and the Royal Observatory of Belgium, funded by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Offce (BELSPO) and by the Swiss Bundesamt für Bildung und Wissenschaft. The authors greatefully acknowledge this consortium, as well as the whole LYRA team for their investment and motivation. Special thanks to D. McMullin and J. Zender for their pertinent suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
PROBA2 – First Two Years of Solar Observation
Guest Editors: David Berghmans, Anik De Groof, Marie Dominique, and Jean-François Hochedez
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dominique, M., Hochedez, JF., Schmutz, W. et al. The LYRA Instrument Onboard PROBA2: Description and In-Flight Performance. Sol Phys 286, 21–42 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-013-0252-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-013-0252-5