Abstract
A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 6391 7th- and 8th-grade students in 72 public schools in six Brazilian cities. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to create a unidimensional model for validity. Linear regression was used to evaluate how baseline past-month drug use, violence, and sociodemographic characteristics affected violence at follow-up. The results showed that previous involvement in violent episodes at school (β = 0.397, p < 0.001) as well as the use of inhalants at baseline (β = 0.358, p = 0.026) predicted higher levels of violence 9 months after baseline. Additionally, girls showed lower levels of involvement in violence than boys (β = −0.144, p < 0.001). School prevention programs and policies should simultaneously address drug use and violence. Inhalant use seems to act as a proxy of future involvement in school violence, independent of previous involvement in violent episodes. Trial registration: RebEC, RBR-4mnv5g. Registered 3 July 2014, http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-4mnv5g/.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ABEP, Associação Brasileiro de Empresas de Pesquisa (2012). Critério de Classificação Econômica do Brasil [Criteria for Economic Classification in Brazil]. Retrieved from http://www.abep.org/criterio-brasil.
Arseneault, L. (2018). Annual Research Review: The persistent and pervasive impact of being bullied in childhood and adolescence: Implications for policy and practice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 59(4), 405–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12841.
Arseneault, L., Bowes, L., & Shakoor, S. (2010). Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: Much ado about nothing? Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 717–729. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709991383.
Attar-Schwartz, S., & Khoury-Kassabri, M. (2008). Indirect versus verbal forms of victimization at school: The contribution ol student, family, and school variables. Social Work Research, 32(3), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/32.3.159.
Boles, S. M., & Miotto, K. (2003). Substance abuse and violence: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8(2), 155–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00057-X.
Botvin, G. J., Griffin, K. W., Diaz, T., & Ifill-Williams, M. (2001). Drug abuse prevention among minority adolescents: Posttest and one-year follow-up of a school-based preventive intervention. Prevention Science : The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 2(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010025311161.
Carlini, E. L. de A., Noto, A. R., Carlini, C. M. de A, Locatelli, D. P., Abeid, L. R., Amato, T. de C, … Moura, Y. G. de (2010). VI Levantamento Nacional sobre o Consumo de Drogas Psicotrópicas entre Estudantes do Ensino Fundamental e Médio das Redes Publica e Privada de Ensino nas 27 Capitais Brasileiras.
Choe, J. Y., Teplin, L. A., & Abram, K. M. (2008). Perpetration of Violence , Violent Balancing Public Health Concerns. Psychiatric Services S2-Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 59(2), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.59.2.153.
Devries, K. M., Child, J. C., Allen, E., Walakira, E., Parkes, J., & Naker, D. (2014). School violence, mental health, and educational performance in Uganda. Pediatrics, 133(1), e129–e137. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2007.
Ellickson, P. L., & McGuigan, K. A. (2000). Early predictors of adolescent violence. American Journal of Public Health, 90(4), 566–572. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.90.4.566.
EMCDDA - European Monitoring Centre for Drugs an Drug Addiction. (2018). Environmental substance use prevention interventions in Europe. Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/7882/Environmental-substance-use-prevention-Interventions-in-Europe.pdf.
Espelage, D. L., Basile, K. C., & Hamburger, M. E. (2012). Bullying perpetration and subsequent sexual violence perpetration among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(1), 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.07.015.
Eyng, A. M., Gisi, M. L., & Ens, R. T. (2009). VIOLÊNCIAS NAS ESCOLAS E REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS : um diálogo necessário no cotidiano escolar título Violence in schools and social representations :, 467–480.
Faggiano, F., Galanti, M. R., Bohrn, K., Burkhart, G., Vigna-Taglianti, F., Cuomo, L., … Wiborg, G. (2008). The effectiveness of a school-based substance abuse prevention program: EU-Dap cluster randomised controlled trial. Preventive Medicine, 47(5), 537–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.06.018.
Farrington, D., Loeber, R., Stallings, R., & Ttofi, M. M. (2011). Bullying perpetration and victimization as predictors of delinquency and depression in the Pittsburgh Youth Study. Journal of Aggression, 3(2), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/17596591111132882.
Fernández-Suárez, A., Herrero, J., Pérez, B., Juarros-Basterretxea, J., & Rodríguez-Díaz, F. J. (2016). Risk factors for school dropout in a sample of juvenile offenders. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(DEC), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01993.
Finkelhor, D., Vanderminden, J., Turner, H., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. (2014). At-school victimization and violence exposure assessed in a national household survey of children and youth. Journal of School Violence, 15(1), 67–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.952816.
Fisher, H. L., Moffitt, T. E., Houts, R. M., Belsky, D. W., Arseneault, L., & Caspi, A. (2012). Bullying victimisation and risk of self harm in early adolescence: Longitudinal cohort study. BMJ (Online), 344(7855), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e2683.
Gabrhelik, R., Duncan, A., Miovsky, M., Furr-Holden, C. D. M., Stastna, L., & Jurystova, L. (2012). “Unplugged”: A school-based randomized control trial to prevent and reduce adolescent substance use in the Czech Republic. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 124(1–2), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.010.
Gilreath, T. D., Astor, R. A., Estrada, J. N., Benbenishty, R., & Unger, J. B. (2014). School victimization and substance use among adolescents in California. Prevention Science, 15(6), 897–906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-013-0449-8.
Graham, K. (2003). Social drinking and aggression. In Neurobiology of aggression.
Gregory, A., Skiba, R. J., & Noguera, P. A. (2010). The achievement gap and the discipline gap: Two sides of the same coin? Educational Researcher, 39(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X09357621.
Griffin, K. W., Botvin, G. J., Nichols, T. R., & Doyle, M. M. (2003). Effectiveness of a universal drug abuse prevention approach for youth at high risk for substance use initiation. Preventive Medicine, 36(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2002.1133.
Gusmões, J. D. S. P., Sañudo, A., Valente, J. Y., & Sanchez, Z. M. (2018). Violence in Brazilian schools: Analysis of the effect of the #Tamojunto prevention program for bullying and physical violence. Journal of Adolescence, 63(December 2017), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.12.003.
Healey, C., Rahman, A., Faizal, M., & Kinderman, P. (2014). Underage drinking in the UK: Changing trends, impact and interventions. A rapid evidence synthesis. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25(1), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.07.008.
Herrenkohl, T. I., Lee, J., & Hawkins, J. D. (2012). Risk versus direct protective factors and youth violence: Seattle Social Development Project. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(2 SUPPL. 1), S41–S56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.030.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2015). Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.
Jalón Díaz-Aguado, M. J., & Arias, R. M. (2013). Acoso escolar y escaladas de disrupción-coerción en la interacción profesor-alumno. Psicothema, 25(2), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2012.312.
Knežević, M. (2018). To go or not to go: Personality, behaviour and neurophysiology of impulse control in men and women. Personality and Individual Differences, 123(June 2017), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.039.
Little, T. D., Rhemtulla, M., Gibson, K., & Schoemann, A. M. (2013). Why the items versus parcels controversy needn’t be one. Psychological Methods, 18(3), 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033266.
Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-loeber, M. (1998). Development of juvenile aggression and violence. American Psychologist, 53(2), 242–259. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.53.2.242.
Lwanga S.K., & Lemeshow S. (1991). Sample size determination in health studies A practicle manual. World Health Organization.
Malta, D. C., De Souza, E. R., Da Silva, M. M. A., Silva, C. D. S., De Andreazzi, M. A. R., Crespo, C., et al. (2010). Vivência de violência entre escolares brasileiros: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE). Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 15, 3053–3063. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000800010.
Malta, D. C., Porto, D. L., Crespo, C. D., Silva, M. M. A., de Andrade, S. S. C., de Mello, F. C. M., et al. (2014). Bullying in Brazilian school children: Analysis of the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2012). Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 17(suppl 1), 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201400050008.
Moore, S. E., Norman, R. E., Suetani, S., Thomas, H. J., Sly, P. D., & Scott, J. G. (2017). Consequences of bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal of Psychiatry, 7(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.60.
Muthén, L., & Muthén, B. (2012). Mplus user’s guide (version 7.0). Mplus User’s Guide (Seventh Edition), 1–850. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01711.x.
Nappo, S. A., Sanchez, Z. M., & Ribeiro, L. A. (2012). Is there a crack epidemic among students in Brazil?: Comments on media and public health issues. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 28(9), 1643–1649. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2012000900004.
Nations, U., & Representative, S. (2011). Secretary-General on Violence against Children, 44118(August).
Olweus, D. (1996). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Petras, H., Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., Muthén, B. O., Ialongo, N. S., & Poduska, J. M. (2008). Developmental epidemiological courses leading to antisocial personality disorder and violent and criminal behavior: Effects by young adulthood of a universal preventive intervention in first- and second-grade classrooms. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 95(SUPPL. 1), S45–S59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.10.015.
Sanchez, Z. M., Ribeiro, L. A., Moura, Y. G., Noto, A. R., & Martins, S. S. (2013). Inhalants as intermediate drugs between legal and illegal drugs among middle and high school students. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 32(2), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2013.795472.
Sanchez, Z. M., Valente, J. Y., Sanudo, A., Pereira, A. P. D., Cruz, J. I., Schneider, D., & Andreoni, S. (2017). The #Tamojunto Drug Prevention Program in Brazilian schools: A randomized controlled trial. Prevention Science, 18(7), 772–782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0770-8.
Sanchez, Z. M., Valente, J. Y., Sanudo, A., Pereira, A. P. D., Schneider, D. R., & Andreoni, S. (2018). Effectiveness evaluation of the school-based drug prevention program #Tamojunto in Brazil: 21-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Drug Policy, 60(August 2017), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.07.006.
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470010940.
Shetgiri, R., Kataoka, S., Lin, H., & Flores, G. (2011). A randomized, controlled trial of a school-based intervention to reduce violence and substance use in predominantly Latino high school students. Journal of the National Medical Association, 103(9–10), 932–940. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-9684(15)30450-8.
Steinberg, L. (2004). Risk taking in adolescence: What changes, and why? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1308.005.
Tingstrom, D. H., Sterling-Turner, H. E., & Wilczynski, S. M. (2006). The Good Behavior Game: 1969-2002. Behavior Modification, 30(2), 225–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445503261165.
Ttofi, M. M., Farrington, D. P., Lösel, F., & Loeber, R. (2011). Do the victims of school bullies tend to become depressed later in life? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 3(2), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1108/17596591111132873.
UNESCO. Assistant Director-General for Education, 2010-2018 (Qian Tang). (2017). School violence and bullying: Global status report.
Vetten, L., & Ratele, K. (2013). Men and violence. Addressing Violence, Abuse and Oppression: Debates and Challenges, 0950, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203937716.
Volavka, J., & Swanson, J. (2010). Violent behavior in mental illness: The role of substance abuse. JAMA, 304(5), 563–564. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2009.5211872.
Weiner, M. D., Sussman, S., Sun, P., & Dent, C. (2005). Explaining the link between violence perpetration, victimization and drug use. Addictive Behaviors, 26(6), 1261–1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.12.007.
Funding
This work was supported by the Brazilian Ministry of Health - Ministério da Saúde (grant number TED 89/2014).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
All procedures in our study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the Ethics in Research Committees at the University of São Paulo (#473.498), and supported by the Brazilian Ministry of Health (grant number TED 89/2014).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gusmoes, J.D., Valente, J.Y., Cogo-Moreira, H. et al. Predictors of School Violence Perpetration and Victimization: Effects of Drug Use and Sociodemographic Characteristics. Int J Ment Health Addiction 20, 1933–1945 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00493-3
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00493-3