Abstract
Effect of 1 wt pct Gd addition on the microstructural evolution, mechanical properties and bio-corrosion behavior of the biodegradable Mg-4Zn alloy was studied. The average grain size of the base alloy decreased from 14.6 to 5.7 µm after Gd addition. In contrast to the base Gd-free alloy, a fiber texture with higher intensity of basal poles and lower Schmid factor was formed during the hot extrusion in the Gd-containing alloy. This was attributed to the presence of a relatively high volume fraction of un-recrystallized grains. The respective yield stress (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) values were significantly improved from 198 MPa and 301 MPa in the Mg-4Zn alloy to 241 MPa and 336 MPa in the Mg-4Zn-1Gd alloy, due to the finer grain size, second phase particles and textural hardening. Extension twins were responsible for achieving the respective high elongations of 33.9 and 20.6 pct for the base and Gd-containing alloys, during tensile loading. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis of the corroded surfaces indicated high pitting susceptibility of the non-basal planes and un-recrystallized grains. Despite the higher stored energy in the Gd-containing alloy due to the lower fraction of recrystallized grains, the finer grain size and the presence of Gd in the corroded layer resulted in improved biodegradability of this alloy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
1. S. Zhang, J. Li, Y. Song, C. Zhao, X. Zhang, C. Xie, Y. Zhang, H. Tao, Y. He, Y. Jiang and Y. Bian: Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2009, vol. 29, pp. 1907–12.
2. E. Zhang, D. Yin, L. Xu, L. Yang and K. Yang: Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2009, vol. 29, pp. 987–93.
3. M. Sabbaghian, R. Mahmudi and K.S. Shin: J. Magnes. Alloys, 2019, vol. 7, pp. 707–16.
4. C. Zhou, Y. Liu, H. Zhang, X. Chen and Y. Li: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2020, vol. 51, pp. 3238–47.
5. D. Raftopoulos, E. Katsamanis, F. Saul, W. Liu and S. Saddemi: J. Biomed. Eng, 1993, vol. 15, pp. 60–66.
6. N.D. Nam, J.G. Kim, K.S. Shin and H.C. Jung: Scr. Mater, 2010, vol. 63, pp. 625–28.
7. P. Zhao, T. Xie, X. Xu, H. Zhu, F. Cao, T. Ying and X. Zeng: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2020, vol. 51, pp. 2509–22.
8. D. Merson, E. Vasiliev, M. Markushev and A. Vinogradov: Lett. Mater. 2017, vol. 7, pp. 421–27.
9. E.M. Salleh, H. Zuhailwati, S. Ramakrishnan and B.K. Dhindaw: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2017, vol. 48A, pp. 2519–28.
10. G.L. Song and Z. Xu: Corros. Sci, 2012, vol. 54, pp. 97–105.
11. G.L. Song and Z. Xu: Corros. Sci, 2012, vol. 63, pp. 100–12.
12. G. Zou, Q. Peng, Y. Wang and B. Liu: J. Alloys. Compd, 2015, vol. 618, pp. 44–48.
13. N. Stanford, D. Atwell and M.R. Barnett: Acta Mater, 2010, vol. 58, pp. 6773–83.
14. B.-Q. Fu, W. Liu and Z.-L. Li: Appl. Surf. Sci, 2009, vol. 255, pp. 9348–57.
15. M. Liu, D. Qiu, M.-C. Zhao, G. Songa and A. Atrens: Scr. Mater, 2008, vol. 58, pp. 421–24.
16. F. Naghdi, R. Mahmudi, J.Y. Kang and H.S. Kim: Phil. Mag, 2015, vol. 95, pp. 3452–66.
17. G.L. Song and A. Atrens: Adv. Eng. Mater, 1999, vol. 1, pp. 11–33.
18. H. Tapiero and K.D. Tew: Biomed. Pharm, 2003, vol. 57, pp. 399–411.
19. Z. Zou, J. Chen, H. Yan, B. Su and X. Gong: J. Mater. Eng. Perform, 2016, vol. 25, pp. 1974–85.
20. H. Jia, X. Feng and Y. Yang: J. Mag. Alloy, 2015, vol. 3, pp. 247–52.
21. I.M. Ghayad, M.A. Maamoun, W.A. Metwally, Z.M. El-Baradie and A.N. Abdel-Azim: J. Mater. Eng. Perform, 2016, vol. 25, pp. 4171–80.
22. N. Hort, Y. Huang, D. Fechner, M. Stormer, C. Blawert, F. Witte, C. Vogt, H. Drucker, R. Willumeit, K.U. Kainer and F. Feyerabend: Acta Biomater, 2010, vol. 6, pp. 1714–25.
23. F. Feyerabend, J. Fischer, J. Holtz, F. Witte, R. Willumeit, H. Drucker, C. Vogt and N. Hort: Acta Biomater. 2010, vol. 6, pp. 1834–42.
M.M. Hoseini-Athar, R. Mahmudi, R. PrasathBabu and P. Hedstrom: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019, vol. 754, pp. 390–9.
25. B-C. Suh, M-S. Shim, D-W. Kim and N.J. Kim: Scr. Mater, 2013, vol. 69, pp. 465–8.
26. N. Stanford, D. Atwell, A. Beer, C. Davies and M.R. Barnett: Scr. Mater, 2008, vol. 59, pp. 772–5.
27. R. Alizadeh, R. Mahmudi, A.H.W. Ngan and T.G. Langdon: Adv. Eng. Mater, 2016, vol. 18, pp. 1044–9.
28. M.G. Jiang, C. Xu, T. Nakata, H. Yan, R.S. Chen and S. Kamado: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, vol. 667, pp. 233–9.
29. N. Stanford and M.R. Barnett: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, vol. 496, pp. 399–408.
30. N. Stanford and M. Barnett, Scr. Mater, 2008, vol. 58, pp. 179–82.
31. J.H. Kim, B-C. Suh, T.T.T. Trang, J.H. Hwang and N.J. Kim: Scr. Mater, 2019, vol. 170, pp. 11–5.
32. L. Jibao, W. Feng, M. Pingli and L. Zheng: J. Rare. Earth, 2014, vol. 32, pp. 1189–95.
33. J. Chen, G. Chen, H. Yan, B. Su, X. Gong and B. Zhou: J. Mater. Eng. Perform, 2017, vol. 26, 4748–59.
A.F. Cipriano, A. Sallee, M. Tayoba, M.C. CortezAlcaraz, A. Lin, R.-G Guan, Z.Y. Zhao and H. Liu: Acta Biomater, 2017, vol. 48, pp. 499–520.
35. L. Chen, Y. Bin, W. Zou, X. Wang and W. Li: J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater, 2017, vol. 66, pp. 187–200.
36. J. Kubasek and D Vojtech: J. Mater. Sci: Mater Med, 2013, vol. 24, pp. 1615–26.
37. H. Miao, H. Huang, Y. Shi, H. Zhang, J. Pei and G. Yuan: Corros. Sci, 2017, vol. 122, pp. 90‒9.
38. Y. Ding, C. Wen, P. Hodgson and Y. Li: J. Mater. Chem. B, 2014, vol. 2, pp. 1912‒33.
H. Miao, D. Zhang, C. Chen, L. Zhang, J. Pei, Y. Su, H. Huang, Z. Wang, B. Kang, W-J. Ding, H. Zeng and G. Yuan: Biomater. Sci. Eng, 2019, vol. 5, pp. 1623–1634.
40. N. Azizi, R. Mahmudi, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019, vol. 767, 138436.
M.M. Hoseini-Athar, R. Mahmudi, R. PrasathBabu and P. Hedstrom: J. Alloys. Compd, 2019, vol. 806, pp. 1200–6.
F. Bachmann, R. Hielscher, and H. Schaeben, Trans. Tech. Publ., 2010, pp. 63–68.
43. T. Zhao, Y. Hua, B. He, C. Zhang, T. Zheng and F. Pan: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019, vol. 765, 138292.
44. A. Galiyev, R. Kaibyshev and G. Gottstein: Acta mater, 2001, vol. 49, pp. 1199–1207.
45. L. Hou, Z. Li, H. Zhao, Y. Pan, S. Pavlinich, X. Liu, X. Li, Y. Zheng and L. Li: J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2016, vol. 32, pp. 874–82.
46. Q. Ma, B. Li, E.B. Marin and S.J. Horstemeyer, Scr. Mater. 2011, vol. 65, pp. 823–6.
47. M.D. Nave and M.R. Barnett: Scr. Mater, 2004, vol. 51, pp. 881–5.
48. E. Vasilev, N.C. Ferreri, R. Decker, I.J. Beyerlein and M. Knezevic: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2020, vol. 51, pp. 3858–68.
49. R. Alizadeh, R. Mahmudi, A.H.W. Ngan, T.G. Langdon: J. Mater. Sci, 2017, vol. 52, pp. 7843–57.
50. J. She, S.B. Zhou, P. Peng, A.T. Tang, Y. Wang, H.C. Pan, C.L. Yang and F.S. Pan: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2020, vol. 772, 138796.
51. P. Minarik, R. Kral and B. Hadzima: Acta. Physica. Polonica. A, 2012, vol. 122, pp. 614–7.
52. G.Y. Li, J.S. Lian, L.Y. Niu, Z.H. Jiang and Q. Jiang: Surf. Coat. Technol, 2006, vol. 201, pp. 1814–20.
53. N. Birbilis, K.D. Ralston, S. Virtanen, H.L. Fraser and C.H.J. Davies: Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol, 2010, vol. 45, pp. 224–30.
54. N. Stanford, M.D. Callaghan and B. de Jong: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, vol. 565, pp. 459–68.
55. M.S. Shim, B.C. Suh, J.H. Kim and N.J. Kim: Met. Mater. Int, 2015, vol. 21, pp. 490–7.
56. G. Mani, M.D. Feldman, D. Patel and C.M. Agrawal: Biomater, 2007, vol. 28, pp. 1689–1710
57. Y. Chen, Z. Xu, C. Smith and J. Sankar: Acta Biomater, 2014, vol. 10(11), pp. 4561–4573.
58. M.R. Barnett, Z. Keshavarz, A.G. Beer and D. Atwell: Acta Mater, 2004, vol. 52, pp. 5093–103.
59. J. Wang, H. Zhou, L. Wang, S. Zhu and S. Guan: J. Mater. Sci. Technol, 2019, vol. 35, pp. 1211‒7.
60. Z. Gui, Z. Kang and Y. Li: J. Alloys. Compd, 2016, vol. 685, pp. 222–30.
61. A. Srinivasan, Y. Huang, C.L. Mendis, C. Blawert, K.U. Kainer, N. Hort: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, vol. 595, pp. 224–234.
62. D.H. Cho, B.W. Lee, J.Y. Park, K.M. Cho and I.M. Park: J. Alloys. Compd, 2017, vol. 695, pp. 1166–74.
F. Xiaowei, Q. Wenjun, L. Xiaohui, and L. Zhicheng: J. Chin. Soc. Corr. Protect, 2016, vol. 363, pp. 267–272.
L.F. Zhou, Z.Y. Liu, W. Wu, X.G. Li, C.W. Du and B. Jiang: Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 2017, vol. 4241 pp. 26162–26174.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Manuscript submitted August 26, 2020; accepted January 13, 2021.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sabbaghian, M., Mahmudi, R. & Shin, K.S. Microstructural Evolution, Mechanical Properties, and Biodegradability of a Gd-Containing Mg-Zn Alloy. Metall Mater Trans A 52, 1269–1281 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06160-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06160-5