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Molecular characterization of endangered Iranian terrestrial orchids using ISSR markers and association with floral and tuber-related phenotypic traits

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Abstract

We aimed to study the genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogeny of Iranian orchids using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to find markers associated with phenotypic traits. Based on the phenotypic analysis, the inflorescence length and the flower number of studied accessions ranged from 3.92 to 27.13 cm and 5 to 50, respectively. On the other hand, the tuber length ranged from 1.80 to 9.35 cm. A total of 310 reproducible ISSR fragments with a size range of 150 to 3000 bp were amplified. ISSR primers provided an average polymorphism information content of 0.391, varied from 0.488 for UBC-876 to 0.351 for UBC-842. Os.J population showed the lowest genetic diversity (H = 0.057 and I = 0.075), while Oyst.JA population showed the highest genetic diversity (H = 0.114 and I = 0.158). At species level, the average coefficient of genetic differentiation (GST) ranged from 0.265 for Orchis simia to 0.587 for Himantoglossum affine. Gene flow (Nm) varied from 1.38 (O. simia) to 0.756 (Anacamptis collina). The UPGMA genetic similarity dendrogram using Jaccard coefficients (r = 0.973) revealed six main clusters. Based on the Bayesian clustering method, the highest probability of the data was achieved when accessions were divided into eight groups. Floral and tuber-related phenotypic traits represented high correlations together, and they were associated with some ISSR bands based on the multiple association analysis. Altogether, ISSR markers proved to be useful for discrimination and clarification of the relationships among species and populations collected from geographically different locations. Furthermore, it could identify the polymorphism among accessions within each population and species.

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Abbreviations

EMR:

Effective multiplex ratio

ISSR:

Inter simple sequence repeats

MI:

Marker index

MAR:

Multiple association analysis

MAS:

Marker assisted selection

PCA:

Principal component analysis

PCoA:

Principal coordinate analysis

PIC:

Polymorphism information content

UPGMA:

Un-weighted paired group methods with arithmetic mean

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Acknowledgement

This work was financially supported by the Iran National Science Foundation (Grant No. 95826350) and the University of Kurdistan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran

    Soheila Gholami, Yavar Vafaee & Farzad Nazari

  2. Medicinal Plants Breeding and Development Research Institute, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran

    Yavar Vafaee

  3. Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden

    Abdolbaset Ghorbani

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  1. Soheila Gholami
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Correspondence to Yavar Vafaee.

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Supplementary information 1.

The values for the floral and tuber related traits in a collection of 97 terrestrial orchid accessions. (XLSX 21 kb)

Supplementary information 2.

The PCoA biplot of terrestrial orchid populations based on the two first principal coordinates. (DOCX 2459 kb)

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Gholami, S., Vafaee, Y., Nazari, F. et al. Molecular characterization of endangered Iranian terrestrial orchids using ISSR markers and association with floral and tuber-related phenotypic traits. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 27, 53–68 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-020-00920-0

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