Abstract
The phase relations and thermodynamic properties of the Pb-O system are reviewed and assessed. The transformation temperature between PbO and Pb3O4 was also experimentally reinvestigated. A model description of the Pb-O system is then proposed and thermodynamic parameters are optimized. The values calculated from the resulting consistent set of Gibbs energy functions are compared with experimental data and discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Dumas (1832), cited from [1878Deb]“.
V. Regnault, “On the Specific Heat of Elements and Compounds”,Ann. Chim. Phys. Ser. 3, 1, 129–207 (1841) in French.
H. Kopp, “Investigations of the Specific Heat of Solid Bodies”,Philos. Trans. R. Soc. (London), 155, 71–202 (1865).
H. Debray, “On a New Oxidation Product of Lead and Some Dissociation Phenomena”,C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 86, 513–517 (1878) in French.
Camelley and Walker,J., 53, 59 (1888) cited from [56But].
G. Lunge and E. Schmid, “Method of Determination of the Oxygen Content in Lead”,Z. Anorg. Chem., 2, 451–460 (1892) in German.
M. H. Le Chatelier, “On the Dissociation of Minium”,Bull. Soc. Chim. France, 17, 791–792 (1897) inFrench.
R. Ruer, “On the Various Modifications of Lead Oxide”,Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 50, 265–275 (1906) in German.
R. Schenck and W. Rassbach, “On the Chemical Reactions between Lead Sulfide and Its Oxidation Products”,Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges., 41, 2917–2925 (1908) in German.
H. C. Cooper, L. I. Shaw, and N. E. Loomis, “On Two Lead Silicate”,Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges., 42, 3991–3993 (1909) in German.
S. Hilpert and P. Weiller, “On Lead Silicate”,Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges., 42, 2969–2977 (1909).
F. Fischer and H. Ploetze, “Studies in Electrical Pressure Furnace. III. On the Synthesis of Lead Dioxide from Lead Oxide and on the Compound Pb5O8”,Z. Anorg. Chem., 75, 15–29 (1912)in German.
W. Hempel and C. Schubert, “On the Dissociation of Some Oxides, Carbonates, and Sulfides”,Z. Elektrochem., 18, 729 (1912) in German.
V.A. Kroll, “Thermal Investigation of the Lead Phosphate and Some Considerations on Its Stoichiometry and That of Its Derivates in form of Complex Salts such as the Thomas Slag”,Z Anorg. Allg. Chem., 78, 95–133 (1912) in German.
Russel,Phys. Zeit. 13 59 (1912) cited from [13Mag], [23Pal], and [29Mil].
A. Magnus, “Measurements of the Specific Heat of Solid Bodies at High Temperatures”,Phys. Zeit., XIV, 5–11 (1913) in German.
W. Reinders and L. Hamburger, “The Higher Oxides of Lead and Their Dissociation”,Z. Anorg. Chem., 89, 71–96 (1914) in German.
FM. Jaeger and H.C. Germs, “On the Binary Systems of the Lead Sulfate, Chromate, Molybdate and Tungstenate”,Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 119, 145–173 (1921) in German.
L. Belladen, “The System Bi2O3-PbO”,Gazz. Chim. Ital, 52(II), 160–164 (1922) in Italian.
W. Palmaer, “On the Electric Conductivity and a Few Other Propertiesofthe Lead Superoxide”,Z. Elektrochem., 29, 415–428 (1923).
D. F. Smith and H. K. Woods, “The Free Energy and Heat of Formation of Lead Monoxide”,J. Am. Chem. Soc, 45, 2632–2637 (1923).
FeiserMetall. Erz., 26 269 (1929) cited from [65Dro].
R.W. Millar, “The Heat Capacities at Low Temperatures of the Oxides of Tin and Lead”,J. Am. Chem. Soc., 51, 207 (1929).
E. Moles and A. Pérez Victoria, “Study of the System PbO2:pb3O4:pbO”,An. Soc. Esp. Fis. Quim., 27, 520–528 (1929) in Spanish.
F. Brenthel, in discussion of M. Werner, “The Corrosion of Lead and Its Significance to the General Understanding of Corrosion”,Z Metallkde., 22, 347 (1930) in German.
M. LeBlanc and E. Eberius, “Studies on Lead Oxide and Its System with Oxygen”,Z Phys. Chem., 160A, 69–100 (1932) in German.
H. M. Spencer and J. H. Mote, “The Free Energies of Formation of Various Forms of Lead Monoxide”,J. Am. Chem. Soc., 54, 4618–4624 (1932).
L. V. Andrews and D. J. Brown, “The Potentials of the Lead Oxide Electrodes in Alkaline Solution”,J. Am. Chem. Soc, 56, 388–390 (1934).
E. Cohen and N.W.H. Addink, “The Metastability of Elements and Compounds due to Enantiotropie or Monotropie. The Lead Oxide Problem”,Z Phys. Chem., A168, 188–201 (1934) in German.
R.F. Geller, A.S. Creamer, and E. N. Bunting, “The System PbO-SiO2”,J. Res. NBS, 13(2), 237–244 (1934).
K. A. Krakau,Ann. Secteur Anal. Physico. Chim., Inst. Chim. Gen. (USSR), 8, 331–350 (1936) cited from [63Sch].
J. Krustinsons, “On the Termal Decomposition of Lead (4)-Oxides”,Z Elektrochem., 40, 246–248 (1934);43, 65–66 (1937) in German.
E. Rencker and M. Bassière, “On the Allotropic Modifications of Lead Monoxide”,C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris., 202, 765–767 (1936) in French.
E. Rencker, “Studies on the Oxides of Lead”,Bull. Soc. Chim. France, 3, 981–988 (1936) in French.
C. Holtermann and P. Laffitte, “On a New Oxide of Lead”,C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 204, 1813–1815 (1937) in French.
A. Baroni, “On the Oxides of Lead”,Gazz. Chim Ital., 68, 387–393 (1938) in Italian.
M. Werner; in O. Bauer, O. Kröhnke, and G. Masing,The Corrosion of Metallic Materials, Vol. 2, 567 (1938) Verlag S. Hirzel, Leipzig, in German.
W.A. Baker, “The Estimation of Oxygen in Metals”,J. Inst. Met, 65, 345–353 (1939).
Le Bourgeois, “Research on the Polymorphism of Lead Oxide”,Mew. Soc. Chim. Fr., 6, 614–620 (1939).
C. B. Holtermann, “Experimental Study of Direct Oxidation under Elevated Pressures. The Oxides of Strontium, Barium, Lead, Manganese, and Cobalt”,Ann. Chim. Paris, 14, 121–195 (1940) in French.
H. W. Worner, “The Determination of Oxygen in Lead and Some Lead Alloys”,J. Ins. Met, 66, 131–139 (1940).
G.L. Clark and R. Rowan, “Studies on Lead Oxides. V. Further Experiments on Compounds of the Type PbOn(n = 1 to 2)”,J. Am. Chem. Soc, 63, 1305–1310 (1941).
S. T. Gross, “Unit Cell Measurements of Pb3O4, Pb2O3 and T12SO4”,J.Am. Chem. Soc, 63, 1168 (1941).
M. Peterson, “Studies of the Preparation and Allotropic Transformation of Lead Monoxide”,J. Am. Chem. Soc, 63, 2617–2620 (1941).
H. M. Spencer and W. M. Spicer, “The Heat Capacities of Red and Yellow Lead Monoxide at High Temperatures”,J. Am. Chem. Soc, 64, 617–621 (1942).
S. T. Gross, “The Crystal Structure of Pb3O4”,J. Am. Chem. Soc, 65, 1107–1110 (1943).
K.W. Grosheim-Krisko, W. Hofmann, and H. Hanemann, “On the Solubility of Oxygen in Lead”,Z. Metallkde., 36, 91–93 (1944) in German.
A. Byström, “The Decomposition Products of Lead Peroxide and Oxidation Products of Lead Oxide”,Ark Kern. Mineralog. Geol, 20A(11), 1–31 (1945).
N. Kameyama and T. Fukumoto, “Studies on Structures and Equilibria of Lead Oxides”,J. Soc Chem. Ind. Jpn., 49 (10–11), 154–157 (1946) in Japanese.
A. V. Parnfilov and I. N. Ponomareva,Zh. Obshchei Khim. (Russ. J. Gen. Chem.), 16, 964 (1946) cited from (50Kat) and [68R00].
T. Katz, “Contribution to the Study of the Lead-Oxygen System”,Ann. Chim. Paris, 5, 5–65 (1950) in French.
A.I. Zaslavskii, Yu.D. Kondrashov, and S. S. Tolkachev, “New Modification of Lead Dioxide and the Texture of Anodic Deposits”,Dokl. Akad. Nauk USSR, 75, 559–561 (1950) in Russian.
K. Barteld and W. Hofmann, “Determination of Oxygen in Lead”,Erzmetall, 5, 102–105 (1952) in German.
J. Fischer and H. Bechtel, “The Methods of Oxygen Determination in Metals”,Erzmetall, 5, 14–19 (1952) in German.
C. W. Dannatt and F. D. Richardson, “Extraction Metallurgy”,Met. Ind., 83, 63–66 (1953).
K. Sano and S. Minowa, “Solubilityof Oxygen in Molten Lead”,Mem. Fac. Eng. Nagoya Univ., 5, 80–82 (1953).
E. Gebhardt and W. Obrowski, “On the Constitution of the Copper-Lead-Oxygen System”,Z. Metallkde., 45, 332–338 (1954) in German.
F. GrØnvold, H. Haraldsen, and J. Vihovde, “Phase and Structural Relations in the System Iron Tellurium”,Acta Chem. Scan., 8(10), 1927–1942 (1954).
W. Hofmann and J. Kohlmeyer, “On the Knowledge of the Copper-Lead-Oxygen System”,Z. Metallkde., 45, 339–341 (1954) in German.
K. Barteld, Ph.D. thesis, T. H. Braunschweig (1955) cited from [74Kry].
F. D. Richardson and L. E. Webb, “Oxygen in Molten Lead and the Thermodynamics of Lead Oxide-Silica Melts”,Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 64, 529–564 (1954–1955).
H. Bode and E. Voss, “On the Lead Dioxide Modifications in the Accumulator”,Angew. Chem., 65 (15), 494 (1956).
G. Butler and J.L. Copp, “The Thermal Decomposition of Lead Dioxidein Air”,J. Chem. Soc. 1956, 725–735 (1956).
E. G. King, “Low Temperature Heat Capacities and Entropies at 298. 15 K of Lead Sesquioxide and Red and Yellow Lead Monoxide”,J. Am. Chem. Soc, 80, 2400–2401 (1958).
J.S. Anderson and M. Sterns, “The Intermediate Oxides of Lead”,J. Inorganic Nucl. Chem., 11(4), 272–285 (1959).
D. H. Bradhurst and A. S. Buchana, “Recrystallization of Lead Oxide fromMolten Lead”,Austral. J.Chem, 12, 523–524 (1959).
Yu. K. Delimarskii and V. N. Andreeva,Dopovidi Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, no. 2,760 (1959) — cited from [64Alc], “Thermodynamic Properties of Lead Oxide Dissolved in Fused Sodium Metaphosphate”,Russ. J. Inorganic Chem.,5(8), 873–876(1960).
Hörbe and Knacke,Z Erz. Metall., 12 321 (1959) cited from [65Dro].
V.N. Kostryukov and G.K. Morozova, “Thermodynamic Studies at Low Temperatures. X. Heat Capacity of the Yellow Modification of Lead Oxide Between 12.5 and 303 K and Its Entropy at 298.15 K”,Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 34(8), 873–874 (1960).
A.N. Kvyatkovskii, O.A. Esin, M.A. Abdeev, and O.A. Khan, “The Thermodynamics of the Reactions of Direct and Indirect Reduction of Lead Oxides”,Vestn. Nauk Kazakh. SSR, 16(2), 19–24(1960).
A.N. Kvyatkovskii, O. A. Esin, and M. A. Abdeev, “Determination of the Isobaric Potential of the Direct Reduction of Liquid Lead Oxide with the Aid of the Electro-Motive-Force Method”,Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 34(11), 1162–1164 (1960).
Nesmeyanov, Firsova, and Isakova,Zh. Fiz, Khim., 34 1099–1200 (1960) citedfrom [65Dro].
E. N. Rodigina, K. Z. Gomel’skii, and V. F. Luginina, “Entropy and Heat Capacity of Yellow Lead at High Temperatures”,Russ. J. Phys. Chem, 35(8), 884–886 (1961).
W.B. White, F. Dachille, and R. Roy, “High Pressure—High Temperature Polymorphism of the Oxides of Lead”,J. Am. Ceram. Soc, 44(4), 170–174 (1961).
R. T. Angstadt, C. J. Venuto, and P. Riietschi, “Electrode Potentials and Thermal Decomposition of Alpha- and Beta-PbO2”,J. Electrochem. Soc, 109(3), 177–184 (1962).
P. Charter, “Thermodynamics of the Nonstoichiometric Lead Oxides PbO1+x”,C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 256, 1976–1978 (1963) in French.
V. I. Minenko and N. S. Ivanova, “Activities of Lead Oxide in Melts of the PbO-SiO2 System”,Ukr. Khim, Zh., 29, 1160–1164 (1963) in Russian.
S. J. Schneider, “Compilation of the Melting Points of the Metal Oxides”,US Natl. Bur. Stand. Monograph, 68 (1963).
C. B. Alcock and T. N. Belford, “Thermodynamics and Solubility of Oxygen in Liquid Metals from EMF Measurements Involving Solid Electrolytes”,Trans. Faraday Soc, 60, 822–835 (1964).
J. R. Anderson and V. B. Tare, “Reaction of Oxygen with Evaporated Films of Lead”,J. Phys. Chem., 68(6), 1482–1489 (1964).
O. Knacke and K. Prescher, “Thermodynamic Measurements onLead Oxide”,Erzmetall, 17(1), 28–34 (1964) in German.
Y. Matsushita and K. Goto, “The Application of Oxygen Concentration Cells with the Solid Electrolyte ZrO2CaO to Basic Research Works in Iron and Steel Making”,Tetsu-to-Hagané Overseas, 4(2), 128–138 (1964).
Y. Matsushita and K. Goto, “The Application of Oxygen Concentration Cells with the Solid Electrolyte ZrO2CaO to Thermodynamic Research”,Thermodynamics, Vol. I in IAEA, Proc. Symp. July 22–27, 1965, Vienna, Austria, IAEA, Vienna, 111–129 (1966).
W. B. White and R. Roy, “Phase Relations in the System Lead-Oxygen”,J. Am Ceram. Soc, 47(5), 242–249 (1964).
J. Drowart, R. Colin, and G. Exsteen, “Mass-Spectrometric Study of the Vaporization of Lead Monoxide”,Trans. Faraday Soc, 67, 1376–1383 (1965).
V. A. Kirkinskii, “Polymorphic Modifications of Lead Dioxide”,Russ. J. Inorganic Chem., 10(9), 1072–1074 (1965).
R. Roy, “Controlled po2 Including High Oxygen Pressure Studies in Several Transition Metal-Oxygen Systems”,Colloq. Int. CNRS, Paris, 149, 21–32 (1965).
W. A. Fischer and W. Ackermann, “Direct Electrochemical Determination of the Oxygen Content of Metal Melts. II. Investigations Carried out on Silver, Tin, and Lead Melts”,Arch. Eisenhüttenwes., 37, 697–700 (1966) in German.
E.M. Otto, “Equilibrium Pressures of Oxygen over Oxides of LeadatVariousTemperatures”,J. Elecrrochem. Soc., 113(6), 525–527 (1966).
W. Kwestroo, J. de Jonge, and P.H.G.M. Vromans, “Influence of Impurities on the Formation of Red and Yellow PbO”,J. Inorganic Nucl. Chem, 29, 39–44 (1967).
V. J. Norman,Australian J. Chem, 20 2255 (1967) cited from [68R00].
R. Sridhar and J.H.E. Jeffes, “Thermodynamic of PbO and PbO-SiO2 Melts”,Trans. Inst. Min. Met., 76, C44-C50(1967).
G.G. Charette and S.N. Flengas, “Thermodynamic Properties of the Oxides of Fe, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Mn, by EMF Measurements”,J. Electrochem Soc, 115(8), 796–804 (1968).
R. Coussaert, J.-M. Leroy, D. Thomas, and G. Tridot, “On the Phase Transformation of Lead Monoxide”,C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris C, 266, 1496–1498 (1968) in French.
J. A. Duisman and W.F. Giauque, “Thermodynamics of the Lead Storage Cell, the Heat Capacity and Entropy of Lead Dioxide from 15 to 318K”,J. Phys. Chem., 72, 562 (1968).
E. K. Kazenas, D. M. Chizhikov, and Yu. V. Tsvetkov,Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 181(1), 158 (1968) cited from [87Lam]. D. M. Chizhikov, E. K. Kazenas, and Yu. V. Tsvetkov, “Mass-Spectrometric Study Vapor Lead Oxide”,Izv.Akad.Nauk SSSR Met.,1969(5),57–60 (1969)).
C. J. M. Rooymans and W. F. T. Langentioff, “Hydrothermal Growth of Single Crystals and Phase Width of Tetragonal Lead Monoxide”,"J. Cryts. Growth, 3/4, 411–416 (1968).
Y. Syono and S. Akimoto, “High Pressure Synthesis of Fluorite-Type PbO2”,Mater. Res. Bull, 3, 153–158 (1968).
J. Bousquet, J. M. Blanchard, and G. Perachon, “Calorimetric Measurements of the Enthalpy Increments of Lead Oxides between 298 K and Their Decomposition Temperature”,Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr, 1969, 733 (1969)inFrench.
G. Hantke et al., “Lead”,Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganische Chemie, 47, 56 (1969) in German.
L. Espada, G. Pilcher, and H. A. Skinner, “Hot-Zone Reaction Calorimetry. II. The Enthalpies of Formation of Lead Oxides”,J. Chem. Thermodyn., 2, 647–653 (1970).
K.T. Jacob and J.H.E. Jeffes, “Thermodynamics of Oxygen in Liquid Copper, Lead and Copper-Lead Alloys”,Trans. Inst. Min. Metall, 80, C32-C41 (1971).
M. L. Kapoor, Ph. D. thesis (1971) cited from [79Tas].
A.E.M. Warner, M.P. Roye, and J.H.E. Jeffes, cited as private communication in [71 Jac]“.
B. Codron, P. Perrot, and G. Tridot, “Determination of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Liquid in the Pb-Bi-O System by EMF Measurements”,C. R. Acad. Sc. Sén C, 274, 398–400 (1972) in French.
P. Gamier, G. Calvarin, and D. Weigel, “Evidence for an Orthorhombic Phase of Pb3O4 at Low Temperature,”C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 275C, 211–213 (1972) in French.
M.I. Gillibrand and B. Halliwell, “The Lead-Oxygen System I. Thermal Decomposition of Lead Dioxide”,J. Inorganic Nucl. Chem., 34, 1143–1159 (1972).
R. Szwarc, K. E Oberg, and R. A. Rapp, “The Diflusivity and Solubility of Oxygen in Liquid Lead from Electrochemical Measurements”,High Temp. Sci., 4, 347–356 (1972).
J. M. Eldridge, “The Growth of Thin PbO Layers on Lead Films, II. Theory”,Surf. Sci., 40, 531–544 (1973).
M. L. Kapoor and M. G. Frohberg, “Thermodynamic Properties ofthe System PbO-B2O3”,Can. Metall. Q., 12, 137–146 (1973).
G. M. Mehrotra, M. G. Frohberg, P. M. Mathew, and M. L. Kapoor, “Free Energy of Formation of Intermediate Compounds in the System PbO-TiO2-TiO2”,Scr. Metall., 7, 1047–1052 (1973).
C. A. Sorrell, “Oxidation of Tetragonal PbO in Air”,J. Am. Ceram. Soc, 56(12), 613–618 (1973).
U. Kuxmann and P. Fischer, “The Miscibility Gap in the Lead-Lead(II) Oxide System and Its Displacement by the Oxides ZrO2, MgO, MgO ... A12O3, A12O3, CaO and SiO2”,Erzmetall, 27(4), 181–190 (1974) in German.
M. Sasabe and K. S. Goto, “Permeability, Diffusivity, and Solubility of Oxygen Gas in Liquid Slag”,Metall. Trans., 5, 2225–2233 (1974).
W. F. Caley and C. R. Masson, “Thermodynamics of Lead Phosphate Slags by an Electrochemical Method”,Metal-Slag-Gas Reactions and Processes, Z. A. Foroulis and W. W. Smelzer, Ed., The Electrochemical Society, 140–154 (1975) cited from [79Tas],
M. Iwase, K. Fujimura, and T. Mori, “Thermodynamic Study on Liquid Lead-Silver Alloys”,J. Jpn. Inst. Met, 39, 1118–1127 (1975) in Japanese.
W.W. Krysko, “The Solubility of Oxygen in Lead and Its Technological Significance”,Erzmetall, 5, 342–347 (1975) in German.
G. M. Mehrotra, PhD. thesis, (1975) cited from [79Tas].
M. F. Abadir, A. M. Gadalla, and Y. M. El-Agamawi, “Equilibrium Relationships in the System Lead-Oxygen”,Trans. J. Br. Ceram. Soc, 75(4), 68–70 (1976).
H. Charlé and J. Osterwald, “Electrochemical Investigations of Equilibria and Diffusion in the Lead-Oxygen System”,Z. Phys. Chem.NF, 99, 199–208 (1976) in German.
W. E. Krysko, “Solubility of Oxygen in Lead and Factors Affecting Results of Investigations”,Lead 74, Proc. Fifth Int. Conf. on Lead, Paris, 1974, Metal Bulletin Ltd., 215–221 (1976).
B. Isecke and J. Osterwald, “On the Solubility of Oxygen in Liquid Lead”,Erzmetall, 29(1), 11–12 (1976) in German.
A. Leung and W. T. Thompson, “A Thermodynamic Study of PbO-GeO2 Melts”,Can. Metall. Q., 15(3), 227–233 (1976).
P. Perrot and M. F. El Ghandour, “Thermodynamic Properties of Molten PbO-PbF2-SiO2 Solutions”,Silic. Ind., 41, 407–412 (1976) in French.
D. M. Reinert, “Discussion of Paper by Krysko”,Lead 74, Proc. Fifth Int. Conf. on Lead, Paris, 1974, Metal Bulletin Ltd., 227–229 (1976).
H. Suito, Y. Yamada, and M. Ohtani, “Activities of Lead Oxide in the Melts PbO-B2O3 and PbO-B2O3-Me2O (Me = Li, Na, K)”,Trans. JIM, 17, 819–827 (1976).
A. E. Grau and C. R. Masson, “Solubility of Oxygen in PbO-SiO2 Melts”,Trans. Metall. Soc. Can. Inst. Min. Metall, 82–87 (1977).
B. Isecke, “Equilibria Study in the Bismuth-, Antimony-, and Lead-Oxygen Systems”, Ph.D. thesis, TU Berlin (1977) in German.
H. Sugawara, K. Nagata, and K. S. Goto, “The Thermodynamic Activity of PbO in Liquid PbO-PbCl2 System”,Met. Trans., 8B, 511–514 (1977).
G. Carlsson, “Oxygen Solubility in Lead”, Swedish Institute for Metals Research, IM-1327 (1978) inSwedish, cited from [82Ste].
P. Gamier, G. Calvarin, and D. Weigel, “Lead Oxides. V. Study of the Texture of the Quadratic and Orthorhombic Phases of Pl3O4: Influence of Defects on the Phase Transition”,J. Solid State Chem., 26(4), 357–366 (1978).
J.R. Gavarri, D. Weigel, and A.W. Hewat, “Lead Oxides. IV. Structural Change of Pb3O4 between 5 and 240 K, and Transition Mechanism”,J. Solid State Chem., 23(3A), 327–339 (1978).
M. Iwase, K. Fujimura, and T. Mori, “Thermodynamic Study of Liquid Lead-Silver Alloys by Means of Solid-Oxide Galavanic Cell”,Trans. JIM, 19, 377–384 (1978).
D. Akhtar, V.D. Vankar, T.C. Goel, and K.L. Chopra, “Splat Quenching of Lead in Vacuum”,J. Mater. Sci., 14(4), 983–987 (1979).
Ya.L. Kharif, I.L. Nesterova, and P. V. Kovtunenko,Zavod. Lab. (1979) cited from [79Kov].
P.V. Kovtunenko, Ya.L. Kharif, I.L. Nesterova, andL.P. Stupak, “The Solubility of Oxygen in Lead Oxide”,Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 53(8), 1139–1141 (1979).
S. Otsuka and Z. Kozuka, “Activities of Oxygen in Liquid Lead and Antimony from Electrochemical Measurements”,Metall. Trans. B, 10B, 565–574 (1979). Corrections inMetall. Trans. B, 11B, 319 (1980).
A. Taskinen, “Thermodynamics and Solubility of Oxygen in LiquidLead”,J. Chem. Thermodyn., 8, 185–190 (1979).
E. Sugimoto, S. Kuwata, and Z. Kozuka, “Measurements of Standard Free Energies of Formation of Various Oxides by emf Method with Solid Oxide Electrolyte at Low Temperatures”,J. Jpn. Inst. Met., 44, 644–651 (1980) in Japanese.
Ya. L. Kharif, S.I. Sin’kovskii, I.L. Nesterova, D.A. Tyurin, V.Yu. Brezhnev, and P.V. Kovtunenko, “Fusibility Diagram and Po2-t diagram of PbO”,Inorganic Mater. 17(9), 1213–1216 (1981).
S. Otsuka and Z. Kozuka, “Further Study on the Activities of Oxygen in Liquid Pb and Sb by a Modified Coulometric Titration Method”,Metall. Trans. B, 12B, 616–620 (1981).
R. J. Hill, “The Crystal Structures of Lead Dioxides from the Positive Plate of the Lead/Acid Battery”,Mater. Res. Bull, 17, 769–784 (1982).
H. Steen and O. Grinder, “Solubility of Oxygen in Liquid Lead andTwo Lead Alloys”,Scand. J. Metall, 11, 155–157 (1982).
A. Zausznica, cited as private communication in [82Ste].
H. W. King, “Pressure-Dependent Allotropic Structures of the Elements”,Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 4(4) 449–450 (1983).
M. J. Bannister, “The Standard Molar Gibbs Free Energy of Formation of PbO. Oxygen Concentration-Cell Measurements at Low Temperatures”,J. Chem. Thermodyn., 16, 787–792 (1984).
D.S. Conochie, C. Ebiogwu, and D.G.C. Robertson, “Oxygen Solubility in Molten Lead”,Trans. Inst. Min. Metall Sect. C, 93, C45-C48 (1984).
M.W. Chase, Jr., C. A. Davies, J.R. Downey, Jr., D. J. Frurip, R. A. McDonald, and A.N. Syverud, “JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed.,”J Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 74(Suppl. 1), 1643–1647 (1985).
M. Hillert, B. Jansson, B. Sundman, and J. ågren, “A Two-Sublattice Model for Molten Solutions with Different Tendency for Ionization”,Metall. Trans. A, 16A(2), 261–266 (1985).
B. Sundman, B. Jansson, and J.-O. Andersson, “The Thermo-Calc Databank System”,Calphad, 9(2), 153–190 (1985).
R.H. Lamoreaux and D.L. Hildenbrand, “High-Temperature Vaporization Behaviour of Oxides. II. Oxides of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Hg”,J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 76(3), 419–443 (1987).
H.A. Wriedt, “O-Pb (Oxygen-Lead)”,Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 9(2), 106–127 (1988).
A.T. Dinsdale, “SGTE Data for Pure Elements”,Calphad, 15, 317–425 (1991).
Scientific Group Thermodata Europe, SGTE Substance Database (1994).
C. Mallika and O.M. Sreedharan, “Gibbs Energy Data on Pb300O4 from EMF Measurements”,Mater. Lett., 22, 5–9 (1995).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Risold, D., Nagata, J.I. & Suzuki, R.O. Thermodynamic description of the Pb-O system. J Phase Equil. 19, 213–233 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1361/105497198770342238
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1361/105497198770342238