Abstract
With the emergence of flexible/stretchable electronics, flexible solar cells (SCs) are able to attract much academic and industrial attention due to its advantages of lightweight, foldability, low cost, and extensive applications. Wearable technology has become a hot topic in the tech industry in this few years, shirts that read wearer’s biological and physiological information are just beginning to make their way into society and will change the way that we interact with technology. The high strength and good electronic properties of graphene fiber make it a good candidate for some specific applications, such as wearable SCs, since it can be obtained at relatively low cost and it is amongst the strongest commercial yarns in existence. In this review, a summarized state of the art regarding wearable SCs is presented including several applications of graphene and its derivatives with their remarkable unconventional applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
D. Zou, D. Wang, Z. Chu, Z. Lv, and X. Fan: Fiber-shaped flexible solar cells. Coord. Chem. Rev. 254, 1169–1178 (2010).
R. Simões and V.F. Neto: Diamond and other carbon related materials applications in photovoltaic solar cells. IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology (EIT), 1–5 (2013).
D.A.R. Barkhouse, O. Gunawan, T. Gokmen, T.K. Todorov, and D.B. Mitzi: Device characteristics of a 10.1% hydrazine-processed Cu2ZnSn(Se,S)4 solar cell. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 20, 6–11 (2012).
K. Ellmer: Past achievements and future challenges in the development of optically transparent electrodes. Nat. Photonics 6, 809–817 (2012).
C-L. Yeh, H-R. Hsu, S-H. Chen, and Y-S. Liu: Near infrared enhancement in CIGS-based solar cells utilizing a ZnO: H window layer. Opt. Express 20(Suppl 6), A806–A811 (2012).
F.J. Pern, F. Yan, K. Zaunbrecher, B. To, J. Perkins, and R. Noufi: Investigation of some transparent metal oxides as damp heat protective coating for CIGS solar cells. Proc. SPIE 8472, Reliab. Photovolt. Cells, Modul. Components, Syst. V 84720I (2012). doi: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.930539.
H. Zhu, J. Wei, K. Wang, and D. Wu: Applications of carbon materials in photovoltaic solar cells. Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. Cell. 93, 1461–1470 (2009).
H. Cheng, C. Hu, Y. Zhao, and L. Qu: Graphene fiber: A new material platform for unique applications. NPG Asia Mater. 6, e113 (2014).
M. Lee, K. Lee, S. Kim, H. Lee, J. Park, K. Choi, H. Kim, D. Kim, D. Lee, S. Nam, and J. Park: High-performance, transparent, and stretchable electrodes using graphene-metal nanowire hybrid structures. Nano Lett. 13, 2814–2821 (2013).
Z. Lv, J. Yu, H. Wu, J. Shang, D. Wang, S. Hou, Y. Fu, K. Wu, and D. Zou: Highly efficient and completely flexible fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cell based on TiO2 nanotube array. Nanoscale 4, 1248 (2012).
M. Pagliaro, G. Palmisano, and R. Ciriminna: Flexible Solar Cells (Wiley-VCH, Dresden, 2008); p. 880–891.
T. Matsuyama, K. Wakisaka, M. Kameda, M. Tanaka, T. Matsuoka, S. Tsuda, S. Nakano, Y. Kishi, and Y. Kuwano: Preparation of high-quality n-type poly-Si films by the solid phase crystallization (SPC) method. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 29, 2327 (1990).
M. Toivola, J. Halme, K. Miettunen, K. Aitola, and P.D. Lund: Nanostructured dye solar cells on flexible substrates—Review. Int. J. Energy Res. 33, 1145–1160 (2009).
Y. He, W. Chen, C. Gao, J. Zhou, X. Li, and E. Xie: An overview of carbon materials for flexible electrochemical capacitors. Nanoscale 5, 8799–8820 (2013).
M.G. Kang, N-G. Park, K.S. Ryu, S.H. Chang, and K-J. Kim: A 4.2% efficient flexible dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells using stainless steel substrate. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 90, 574–581 (2006).
M.B. Schubert and J.H. Werner: Flexible solar cells for clothing. Mater. Today 9, 42–50 (2006).
M. Kaltenbrunner, M.S. White, E.D. Głowacki, T. Sekitani, T. Someya, N.S. Sariciftci, and S. Bauer: Ultrathin and lightweight organic solar cells with high flexibility. Nat. Commun. 3, 770 (2012).
K.S. Kim, Y. Zhao, H. Jang, S.Y. Lee, J.M. Kim, K.S. Kim, J-H. Ahn, P. Kim, J-Y. Choi, and B.H. Hong: Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes. Nature 457, 706–710 (2009).
H. Park, J. Rowehl, K.K. Kim, V. Bulovic, and J. Kong: Doped graphene electrodes for organic solar cells. Nanotechnology 21, 505204 (2010).
R.X. He, P. Lin, Z.K. Liu, H.W. Zhu, X.Z. Zhao, H.L.W. Chan, and F. Yan: Solution-gated graphene field effect transistors integrated in microfluidic systems and used for flow velocity detection. Nano Lett. 12, 1404–1409 (2012).
X. Li, W. Cai, J. An, S. Kim, J. Nah, D. Yang, R. Piner, A. Velamakanni, I. Jung, E. Tutuc, S.K. Banerjee, L. Colombo, and R.S. Ruoff: Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science 324, 1312–1314 (2009).
S. Bae, H. Kim, Y. Lee, X. Xu, J-S. Park, Y. Zheng, J. Balakrishnan, T. Lei, H.R. Kim, Y. Song, Y-J. Kim, K.S. Kim, B. Özyilmaz, J-H. Ahn, B.H. Hong, and S. Iijima: Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 574–578 (2010).
Z. Liu, J. Li, and F. Yan: Package-free flexible organic solar cells with graphene top electrodes. Adv. Mater. 25, 4296–4301 (2013).
S. Ito, N-L.C. Ha, G. Rothenberger, P. Liska, P. Comte, S.M. Zakeeruddin, P. Péchy, M.K. Nazeeruddin, and M. Gratzel: High-efficiency (7.2%) flexible dye-sensitized solar cells with Ti-metal substrate for nanocrystalline-TiO2 photoanode. Chem. Commun. 38, 4004–4006 (2006).
J.H. Park, Y. Jun, H-G. Yun, S-Y. Lee, and M.G. Kang: Fabrication of an efficient dye-sensitized solar cell with stainless steel substrate. J. Electrochem. Soc. 155, 145–149 (2008).
K. Fan, T. Peng, B. Chai, J. Chen, and K. Dai: Fabrication and photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2 films on Ti substrate for flexible dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim. Acta 55, 5239–5244 (2010).
T. Yamaguchi, N. Tobe, D. Matsumoto, T. Nagai, and H. Arakawa: Highly efficient plastic-substrate dye-sensitized solar cells with validated conversion efficiency of 7.6%. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94, 812–816 (2010).
F. Huang, D. Chen, Q. Li, R.A. Caruso, and Y-B. Cheng: Construction of nanostructured electrodes on flexible substrates using pre-treated building blocks. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 123102 (2012).
H.C. Weerasinghe, P.M. Sirimanne, G.P. Simon, and Y-B. Cheng: Cold isostatic pressing technique for producing highly efficient flexible dye-sensitised solar cells on plastic substrates. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 20, 321–332 (2012).
Y. Kim, S. Cook, S.M. Tuladhar, S.A. Choulis, J. Nelson, J.R. Durrant, D.D.C. Bradley, M. Giles, I. McCulloch, C-S. Ha, and M. Ree: A strong regioregularity effect in self-organizing conjugated polymer films and high-efficiency polythiophene: Fullerene solar cells. Nat. Mater. 5, 197–203 (2006).
X. Li, H. Zhu, K. Wang, A. Cao, J. Wei, C. Li, Y. Jia, Z. Li, X. Li, and D. Wu: Graphene-on-silicon Schottky junction solar cells. Adv. Mater. 22, 2743–2748 (2010).
Y. Kopelevich and P. Esquinazi: Graphene physics in graphite. Adv. Mater. 19, 4559–4563 (2007).
V. Singh, D. Joung, L. Zhai, S. Das, S.I. Khondaker, and S. Seal: Graphene based materials: Past, present and future. Prog. Mater. Sci. 56, 1178–1271 (2011).
K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Dubonos, I.V. Grigorieva, and A.A. Firsov: Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306, 666–669 (2004).
A.B. Bourlinos, V. Georgakilas, R. Zboril, T. Sterioti, and A.K. Stubos: Liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite towards solubilized graphenes. Small 5, 1841–1845 (2009).
X. Cui, C. Zhang, R. Hao, and Y. Hou: Liquid-phase exfoliation, functionalization and applications of graphene. Nanoscale 3, 2118–2126 (2011).
S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, R.D. Piner, K.A. Kohlhaas, A. Kleinhammes, Y. Jia, Y. Wu, S.T. Nguyen, and R.S. Ruoff: Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon 45, 1558–1565 (2007).
G. Eda, G. Fanchini, and M. Chhowalla: Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 270–274 (2008).
F. Kang, Y. Leng, and T-Y. Zhang: Influences of H2O2 on synthesis of H2SO4-GICs. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 57, 889–892 (1996).
F. Kang, T-Y. Zhang, and Y. Leng: Electrochemical behavior of graphite in electrolyte of sulfuric and acetic acid. Carbon 35, 1167–1173 (1997).
Y-X. Pan, Z-Z. Yu, Y-C. Ou, and G-H. Hu: A new process of fabricating electrically conducting nylon 6/graphite nanocomposites via intercalation polymerization. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 38, 1626–1633 (2000).
X. Li, G. Zhang, X. Bai, X. Sun, X. Wang, E. Wang, and H. Dai: Highly conducting graphene sheets and Langmuir–Blodgett films. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 538–542 (2008).
P.R. Somani, S.P. Somani, and M. Umeno: Planer nano-graphenes from camphor by CVD. Chem. Phys. Lett. 430, 56–59 (2006).
H. Cao, Q. Yu, R. Colby, D. Pandey, C.S. Park, J. Lian, D. Zemlyanov, I. Childres, V. Drachev, E.A. Stach, M. Hussain, H. Li, S.S. Pei, and Y.P. Chen: Large-scale graphitic thin films synthesized on Ni and transferred to insulators: Structural and electronic properties. J. Appl. Phys. 107, 1–20 (2010).
S. Bhaviripudi, X. Jia, M.S. Dresselhaus, and J. Kong: Role of kinetic factors in chemical vapor deposition synthesis of uniform large area graphene using copper catalyst. Nano Lett. 10, 4128–4133 (2010).
S.J. Chae, F. Güneş, K.K. Kim, E.S. Kim, G.H. Han, S.M. Kim, H. Shin, S.M. Yoon, J.Y. Choi, M.H. Park, C.W. Yang, D. Pribat, and Y.H. Lee: Synthesis of large-area graphene layers on poly-nickel substrate by chemical vapor deposition: Wrinkle formation. Adv. Mater. 21, 2328–2333 (2009).
S. Lee, K. Lee, and Z. Zhong: Wafer scale homogeneous bilayer graphene films by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett. 10, 4702–4707 (2010).
X. Wang, J. Li, Q. Zhong, Y. Zhong, and M. Zhao: Wafer-scale synthesis and transfer of graphene films. Nano Lett. 10, 490–493 (2010).
A. Malesevic, R. Vitchev, K. Schouteden, A. Volodin, L. Zhang, G.V. Tendeloo, A. Vanhulsel, and C.V. Haesendonck: Synthesis of few-layer graphene via microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition. Nanotechnology 19, 305604 (2008).
R. Vitchev, A. Malesevic, R.H. Petrov, R. Kemps, M. Mertens, A. Vanhulsel, and C. Van Haesendonck: Initial stages of few-layer graphene growth by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition. Nanotechnology 21, 095602 (2010).
M. Zhu, J. Wang, B.C. Holloway, R.A. Outlaw, X. Zhao, K. Hou, V. Shutthanandan, and D.M. Manos: A mechanism for carbon nanosheet formation. Carbon 45, 2229–2234 (2007).
I. Forbeaux, J-M. Themlin, and J-M. Debever: Heteroepitaxial graphite on 6H—SiC(0001): Interface formation through conduction-band electronic structure. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 58, 16396–16406 (1998).
J. Hass, W. de Heer, and E.H. Conrad: The growth and morphology of epitaxial multilayer graphene. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 20, 323202 (2008).
W. de Heer, C. Berger, X. Wu, P.N. First, E.H. Conrad, X. Li, T. Li, M. Sprinkle, J. Hass, M.L. Sadowski, M. Potemski, and G. Martinez: Epitaxial graphene. Solid State Commun. 143, 92–100 (2007).
F. Varchon, R. Feng, J. Hass, X. Li, B.N. Nguyen, C. Naud, P. Mallet, J.Y. Veuillen, C. Berger, E.H. Conrad, and L. Magaud: Electronic structure of epitaxial graphene layers on SiC: Effect of the substrate. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 126805 (2007).
J. Penuelas, A. Ouerghi, D. Lucot, C. David, J. Gierak, H. Estrade-Szwarckopf, and C. Andreazza-Vignolle: Surface morphology and characterization of thin graphene films on SiC vicinal substrate. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 79, 33408 (2009).
S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, G.H. Dommett, K.M. Kohlhaas, E.J. Zimney, E.A. Stach, R.D. Piner, S.T. Nguyen, and R.S. Ruoff: Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 442, 282–286 (2006).
R. Verdejo, F. Barroso-Bujans, M.A. Rodriguez-Perez, J. de Saja, and M.A. Lopez-Manchado: Functionalized graphene sheet filled silicone foam nanocomposites. J. Mater. Chem. 18, 2221–2226 (2008).
H.C. Schniepp, J.L. Li, M.J. McAllister, H. Sai, M. Herrera-Alonson, D.H. Adamson, K. Robert, R. Car, D.A. Seville, and I.A. Aksay: Functionalized single graphene sheets derived from splitting graphite oxide. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 8535–8539 (2006).
S. Gilje, S. Han, M. Wang, K.L. Wang, and R.B. Kaner: A chemical route to graphene for device applications. Nano Lett. 7, 3394–3398 (2007).
C. Gómez-Navarro, R.T. Weitz, A.M. Bittner, M. Scolari, A. Mews, M. Burghard, and K. Kern: Electronic transport properties of individual chemically reduced graphene oxide sheets. Nano Lett. 7, 3499–3503 (2007).
W.S. Hummers and R.E. Offeman: Preparation of graphitic oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 1339 (1958).
H.A. Becerril, J. Mao, Z. Liu, R.M. Stoltenberg, Z. Bao, and Y. Chen: Evaluation of solution-processed reduced graphene oxide films as transparent conductors. ACS Nano 2, 463–470 (2008).
C-G. Lee, S. Park, R.S. Ruoff, and R.S. Dodabalapur: Integration of reduced graphene oxide into organic field-effect transistors as conducting electrodes and as a metal modification layer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 023304 (2009).
A.B. Bourlinos, D. Gournis, D. Petridis, T. Szabo, A. Szeri, and I. Dékány: Graphite oxide: Chemical reduction to graphite and surface modification with primary aliphatic amines and amino acids. Langmuir 19, 6050–6055 (2003).
H.J. Shin, K.K. Kim, A. Benayad, S.M. Yoon, H.K. Park, I.S. Jung, M.H. Jin, H.K. Jeong, J.M. Kim, J.Y. Choi, and Y.H. Lee: Efficient reduction of graphite oxide by sodium borohydride and its effect on electrical conductance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 1987–1992 (2009).
J.I. Paredes, S. Villar-Rodil, A. Martínez-Alonso, and J.M.D. Tascón: Graphene oxide dispersions in organic solvents. Langmuir 24, 10560–10564 (2008).
D. Li, M.B. Muller, S. Gilje, S. Kaner, and G.G. Wallace: Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 101–105 (2008).
M. Ramos, M.T. Rispens, M.T. Van Duren, J.C. Hummelen, and R.J. Janssen: Photoinduced electron transfer and photovoltaic devices of a conjugated polymer with pendant fullerenes [4]. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 6714–6715 (2001).
W. Cai, R.D. Piner, F.J. Stadermann, S. Park, M. Shaibat, Y. Ishii, D. Yang, A. Velamakanni, S.J. An, M. Stoller, J. An, D. Chen, and R.S. Ruoff: Synthesis and solid-state NMR structural characterization of 13C-Labeled graphite oxide. Science 321, 1815–1817 (2008).
W. Gao, L.B. Alemany, L.B. Ci, and P.M. Ajayan: New insights into the structure and reduction of graphite oxide. Nat. Chem. 1, 403–408 (2009).
H. He, J. Klinowski, M. Forster, and A. Lerf: A new structural model for graphite oxide. Chem. Phys. Lett. 287, 53–56 (1998).
A. Lerf, H. He, M. Forster, and J. Klinowski: Structure of graphite oxide revisited. J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 4477–4482 (1998).
T. Szabó, O. Berkesi, P. Forgó, K. Josepovits, Y. Sanakis, D. Petridis, and I. Dékány: Evolution of surface functional groups in a series of progressively oxidized graphite oxides. Chem. Mater. 18, 2740–2749 (2006).
S. Stankovich, R.D. Piner, X. Chen, N. Wu, S.T. Nguyen, and R.S. Ruoff: Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nanoplatelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). J. Mater. Chem. 16, 155–158 (2006).
Z. Zalan, L. Lazar, and F. Fueloep: Chemistry of hydrazinoalcohols and their heterocyclic derivatives. Part 1. Synthesis of hydrazinoalcohols. Curr. Org. Chem. 9(4), 357–376 (2005).
S. Wang, P.J. Chia, L.L. Chua, L.H. Zhao, R.Q. Png, S. Sivaramakrishnan, M. Zhou, R.G.S. Goh, R.H. Friend, A.T.S. Wee, and P.K.H. Ho: Band-like transport in surface-functionalized highly solution-processable graphene nanosheets. Adv. Mater. 20, 3440–3446 (2008).
Z-S. Wu, W. Ren, L. Gao, B. Liu, C. Jiang, and H-M. Cheng: Synthesis of high-quality graphene with a pre-determined number of layers. Carbon 47, 493–499 (2009).
X. Fan, W. Peng, Y. Li, X. Li, S. Wang, G. Zhang, and F. Zhang: Deoxygenation of exfoliated graphite oxide under alkaline conditions: A green route to graphene preparation. Adv. Mater. 20, 4490–4493 (2008).
M.J. McAllister, J.L. Li, D.H. Adamson, H.C. Schniepp, A.A. Abdala, J. Liu, M. Herrera-Alonso, D.L. Milius, R. Car, R.K. Prud’homme, and I.A. Aksay: Single sheet functionalized graphene by oxidation and thermal expansion of graphite. Chem. Mater. 19, 4396–4404 (2007).
S. Dubin, S. Gilje, K. Wang, V.C. Tung, K. Cha, A.S. Hall, J. Farrar, R. Varshneya, Y. Yang, and R.B. Kaner: A one-step, solvothermal reduction method for producing reduced graphene oxide dispersions in organic solvents. ACS Nano 4, 3845–3852 (2010).
S. Stankovich, R.D. Piner, S.T. Nguyen, and R.S. Ruoff: Synthesis and exfoliation of isocyanate-treated graphene oxide nanoplatelets. Carbon 44, 3342–3347 (2006).
Y. Xu, Z. Liu, X. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. Tian, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, X. Zhang, and Y. Chen: A graphene hybrid material covalently functionalized with porphyrin: Synthesis and optical limiting property. Adv. Mater. 21, 1275–1279 (2009).
S. Niyogi, E. Bekyarova, M.E. Itkis, J.L. McWilliams, M.A. Hamon, and R.C. Haddon: Solution properties of graphite and graphene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 7720–7721 (2006).
H. Yang, C. Shan, F. Li, D. Han, Q. Zhang, and L. Niu: Covalent functionalization of polydisperse chemically-converted graphene sheets with amine-terminated ionic liquid. Chem. Commun. 3880–3882 (2009). doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/b905085j.
Z. Liu, J.T. Robinson, X. Sun, and H. Dai: PEGylated nanographene oxide for delivery of water-insoluble cancer drugs. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 10876–10877 (2008).
L.M. Veca, F. Lu, M.J. Meziani, L. Cao, P. Zhang, G. Qi, L. Qu, M. Shrestha, and Y-P. Sun: Polymer functionalization and solubilization of carbon nanosheets. Chem. Commun. 2565–2567 (2009). doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/b900590k.
N. Mohanty and V. Berry: Graphene-based single-bacterium resolution biodevice and DNA transistor: Interfacing graphene derivatives with nanoscale and microscale biocomponents. Nano Lett. 8, 4469–4476 (2008).
Y. Yang, J. Wang, J. Zhang, J. Liu, X. Yang, and H. Zhao: Exfoliated graphite oxide decorated by PDMAEMA chains and polymer particles. Langmuir 25, 11808–11814 (2009).
M. Fang, K. Wang, H. Lu, Y. Yang, and S. Nutt: Covalent polymer functionalization of graphene nanosheets and mechanical properties of composites. J. Mater. Chem. 19, 7098 (2009).
S.H. Lee, D.R. Dreyer, J. An, A. Velamakanni, R.D. Piner, S. Park, Y. Zhu, S.O. Kim, C.W. Bielawski, and R.S. Ruoff: Polymer brushes via controlled, surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from graphene oxide. Macromol. Rapid Comm. 31, 281–288 (2010).
H. Bai, Y. Xu, L. Zhao, C. Li, and G. Shi: Non-covalent functionalization of graphene sheets by sulfonated polyaniline. Chem. Commun. 1667–1669 (2009). doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/b821805f.
A. Chunder, A. Liu, and L. Zhai: Reduced graphene oxide/poly(3-hexylthiophene) supramolecular composites. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 31, 380–384 (2010).
X. Qi, K.Y. Pu, X. Zhou, H. Li, B. Liu, F. Boey, W. Huang, and H. Zhang: Conjugated-polyelectrolyte-functionalized reduced graphene oxide with excellent solubility and stability in polar solvents. Small 6, 663–669 (2010).
R. Hao, W. Qian, L. Zhang, and Y. Hou: Aqueous dispersions of TCNQ-anion-stabilized graphene sheets. Chem. Commun. 48, 6576–6578 (2008). doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/b816971c.
A. Chunder, T. Pal, S.I. Khondaker, and L. Zhai: Reduced graphene oxide/copper phthalocyanine composite and its optoelectrical properties. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 15129–15135 (2010).
J. Geng and H.T. Jung: Porphyrin functionalized graphene sheets in aqueous suspensions: From the preparation of graphene sheets to highly conductive graphene films. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 8227–8234 (2010).
A. Wojcik and P.V. Kamat: Reduced graphene oxide and porphyrin. An interactive affair in 2-D. ACS Nano 4, 6697–6706 (2010).
Q. Su, S. Pang, V. Alijani, C. Li, X. Feng, and K. Müllen: Composites of graphene with large aromatic molecules. Adv. Mater. 21, 3191–3195 (2009).
Q. Yang, X. Pan, F. Huang, and F. Li: Fabrication of high-concentration and stable aqueous suspensions of graphene nanosheets by noncovalent functionalization with lignin and cellulose derivatives. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 3811–3816 (2010).
C.H. Lu, H.H. Yang, C.L. Zhu, X. Chen, and G.N. Chen: A graphene platform for sensing biomolecules. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 48, 4785–4787 (2009).
Z. Luo, P.M. Vora, E.J. Mele, A.T.C. Johnson, and J.M. Kikkawa: Photoluminescence and band gap modulation in graphene oxide. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 111909 (2009).
L.J. Rothberg and A.J. Lovinger: Status of and prospects for organic electroluminescence. J. Mater. Res. 11, 3174–3187 (1996).
I. Jung, M. Pelton, R. Piner, D.A. Dikin, S. Stankovich, S. Watcharotone, M. Hausner, and R.S. Ruoff: Simple approach for high-contrast optical imaging and characterization of graphene-based sheets. Nano Lett. 7, 3569–3575 (2007).
A. Lambacher and P. Fromherz: Fluorescence interference-contrast microscopy on oxidized silicon using a monomolecular dye layer. Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 63, 207–216 (1996).
Z.H. Ni, H.M. Wang, J. Kasim, H.M. Fan, T. Yu, Y.H. Wu, Y.P. Feng, and Z.X. Shen: Graphene thickness determination using reflection and contrast spectroscopy. Nano Lett. 7, 2758–2763 (2007).
M. Lotya, Y. Hernandez, P.J. King, R.J. Smith, J. Ronan, V. Nicolosi, L.S. Karlsson, F.M. Blighe, S. De, W. Zhiming, I.T. McGovern, G.S. Duesberg, and J.N. Coleman: Liquid phase production of graphene by exfoliation of graphite in surfactant/water solutions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 3611–3620 (2009). doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja807449u.
E. Treossi, M. Melucci, A. Liscio, M. Gazzano, P. Samorì, and V. Palermo: High-contrast visualization of graphene oxide on dye-sensitized glass, quartz, and silicon by fluorescence quenching. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 15576–15577 (2009).
J.I. Paredes, S. Villar-Rodil, P. Solís-Fernández, A. Martínez-Alonso, and J.M.D. Tascón: Atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of graphene nanosheets derived from graphite oxide. Langmuir 25, 5957–5968 (2009).
J.C. Meyer, C. Kisielowski, R. Erni, M.D. Rossell, M.F. Crommie, and A. Zettl: Direct imaging of lattice atoms and topological defects in graphene membranes. Nano Lett. 8, 3582–3586 (2008).
M.H. Gass, U. Bangert, A.L. Bleloch, P. Wang, R.R. Nair, and A.K. Geim: Free-standing graphene at atomic resolution. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 676–681 (2008).
A. Reina, X. Jia, J. Ho, D. Nezich, H. Son, V. Bulovic, M.S. Dresselhaus, and K. Jing: Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett. 9, 30–35 (2009).
K.I. Bolotin, K.J. Sikes, Z. Jiang, M. Klima, G. Fudenberg, J. Hone, P. Kim, and H.L. Stormer: Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene. Solid State Commun. 146, 351–355 (2008).
X. Peng and R. Ahuja: Symmetry breaking induced bandgap in epitaxial graphene layers on SiC. Nano Lett. 8, 4464–4468 (2008).
S.Y. Zhou, G-H. Gweon, V. Fedorov, P.N. First, W. de Heer, D-H. Lee, F. Guinea, H. Castro Neto, and A. Lanzara: Substrate-induced bandgap opening in epitaxial graphene. Nat. Mater. 6, 770–775 (2007).
S. Kim, J. Ihm, H.J. Choi, and Y.W. Son: Origin of anomalous electronic structures of epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 176802 (2008).
L. De Arco and Y. Zhang: Synthesis, transfer, and devices of single-and few-layer graphene by chemical vapor deposition. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 8(2), 135–138 (2009).
Q. Yu, J. Lian, S. Siriponglert, H. Li, Y.P. Chen, and S.S. Pei: Graphene segregated on Ni surfaces and transferred to insulators. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 113103 (2008).
X. Li, W. Cai, L. Colombo, and R.S. Ruoff: Evolution of graphene growth on Ni and Cu by carbon isotope labeling. Nano Lett. 9, 4268–4272 (2009).
E.V. Castro, K.S. Novoselov, S.V. Morozov, N.M.R. Peres, J. Dos Santos, M.B. Lopes, J. Nilsson, F. Guinea, A.K. Geim, and A.H.C. Neto: Biased bilayer graphene: Semiconductor with a gap tunable by the electric field effect. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 2016802 (2007).
M. Tonouchi: Cutting-edge terahertz technology. Nat. Photonics 1, 97–105 (2007).
F. Wang, Y. Zhang, C. Tian, C. Girit, A. Zettl, M. Crommie, and Y.R. Shen: Gate-variable optical transitions in graphene. Science 320, 206–209 (2008).
P. San-Jose, E. Prada, E. McCann, and H. Schomerus: Pseudospin valve in bilayer graphene: Towards graphene-based pseudospintronics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 247204 (2009).
R.R. Nair, A.N. Grigorenko, P. Blake, K.S. Novoselov, T.J. Booth, N.M.R. Peres, T. Stauber, and A.K. Geim: Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science 320, 1308 (2008).
V.G. Kravets, A.N. Grigorenko, R.R. Nair, P. Blake, S. Anissimova, K.S. Novoselov, and A.K. Geim: Spectroscopic ellipsometry of graphene and an exciton-shifted van Hove peak in absorption. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 81, 155413 (2010).
F. Xia, T. Mueller, R. Golizadeh-Mojarad, M. Freitage, Y.M. Lin, J. Tsang, V. Perebeinos, and P. Avouris: Photocurrent imaging and efficient photon detection in a graphene transistor. Nano Lett. 9, 1039–1044 (2009).
F. Rana, P.A. George, J.H. Strait, J. Dawlaty, S. Shivaraman, M. Chandrashekhar, and M.G. Spencer: Carrier recombination and generation rates for intravalley and intervalley phonon scattering in graphene. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 79, 115447 (2009).
S. Park and R.S. Ruoff: Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 217–224 (2009).
D.C. Elias, R.R. Nair, T.M.G. Mohiuddin, S.V. Morozov, P. Blake, M.P. Halsall, A.C. Ferrari, D.W. Boukhvalov, M.I. Katsnelson, A.K. Geim, and K.S. Novoselov: Control of graphene’s properties by reversible hydrogenation: Evidence for graphane. Science 323, 610–613 (2009).
F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, and A.C. Ferrari: Graphene photonics and optoelectronics. Nat. Photonics 4, 611–622 (2010).
T. Gokus, R.R. Nair, A. Bonetti, M. Bohmler, A. Lombardo, K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, A.C. Ferrari, and A. Hartschuh: Making graphene luminescent by oxygen plasma treatment. ACS Nano 3, 3963–3968 (2009).
J.R. Sheats, H. Antoniadis, M. Hueschen, W. Leonard, J. Miller, R. Moon, D. Roitman, and A. Stocking: Organic electroluminescent devices. Science 273, 884–888 (1996).
A.A. Balandin, S. Ghosh, W. Bao, I. Calizo, D. Teweldebrhan, F. Miao, and C.N. Lau: Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett. 8, 902–907 (2008).
D.L. Nika, E.P. Pokatilov, A.S. Askerov, and A.A. Balandin: Phonon thermal conduction in graphene: Role of Umklapp and edge roughness scattering. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 79, 155413 (2009).
J-W. Jiang, J. Lan, J-S. Wang, and B. Li: Isotopic effects on the thermal conductivity of graphene nanoribbons: Localization mechanism. J. Appl. Phys. 107, 054314 (2010).
C. Lee, X. Wei, J.W. Kysar, and J. Hone: Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321, 385–388 (2008).
S. Ghosh, I. Calizo, D. Teweldebrhan, E.P. Pokatilov, D.L. Nika, A.A. Balandin, W. Bao, F. Miao, and C.N. Lau: Extremely high thermal conductivity of graphene: Prospects for thermal management applications in nanoelectronic circuits. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 151911 (2008).
J.H. Seol, I. Jo, A.L. Moore, L. Lindsay, Z.H. Aitken, M.T. Pettes, X. Li, Z. Yao, R. Huang, D. Broido, N. Mingo, R.S. Ruoff, and L. Shi: Two-dimensional phonon transport in supported graphene. Science 328, 213–216 (2010).
T. Schwamb, B.R. Burg, N.C. Schirmer, and D. Poulikakos: An electrical method for the measurement of the thermal and electrical conductivity of reduced graphene oxide nanostructures. Nanotechnology 20, 405704 (2009).
G. Tsoukleri, J. Parthenios, K. Papagelis, R. Jalil, A.C. Ferrari, A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov, and C. Galiotis: Subjecting a graphene monolayer to tension and compression. Small 5, 2397–2402 (2009).
C. Lee, X.D. Wei, Q.Y. Li, R. Carpick, J.W. Kysar, and J. Hone: Elastic and frictional properties of graphene. Phys. Status Solidi 246, 2562–2567 (2009).
B. O’Connor, K.P. Pipe, and M. Shtein: Fiber based organic photovoltaic devices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 193306 (2008).
M. Lee, R.D. Eckert, K. Forberich, G. Dennler, C.J. Brabec, and R. Gaudiana: Solar power wires based on organic photovoltaic materials. Science 324, 232–235 (2009).
X. Fan, Z.Z. Chu, F.Z. Wang, C. Zhang, L. Chen, Y.W. Tang, and D.C. Zou: Wire-shaped flexible dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv. Mater. 20, 592–595 (2008).
H. Wang, Y. Liu, H. Huang, M. Zhong, H. Shen, Y. Wang, and H. Yang: Low resistance dye-sensitized solar cells based on all-titanium substrates using wires and sheets. Appl. Surf. Sci. 255, 9020–9025 (2009).
T. Chen, S. Wang, Z. Yang, Q. Feng, X. Sun, L. Li, Z.S. Wang, and H. Peng: Flexible, light-weight, ultrastrong, and semiconductive carbon nanotube fibers for a highly efficient solar cell. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 50, 1815–1819 (2011).
C. Xiang, C.C. Young, X. Wang, Z. Yan, C.C. Hwang, G. Cerioti, J. Lin, J. Kono, M. Pasquali, and J.M. Tour: Large flake graphene oxide fibers with unconventional 100% knot efficiency and highly aligned small flake graphene oxide fibers. Adv. Mater. 25, 4592–4597 (2013).
X. Cai, M. Peng, X. Yu, Y. Fu, and D. Zou: Flexible planar/fiber-architectured supercapacitors for wearable energy storage. J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 1184 (2014).
Y. Meng, Y. Zhao, C. Hu, H. Cheng, Y. Hu, Z. Zhang, G. Shi, and L. Qu: All-graphene core-sheath microfibers for all-solid-state, stretchable fibriform supercapacitors and wearable electronic textiles. Adv. Mater. 25, 2326–2331 (2013).
J. Kim, L.J. Cote, F. Kim, and J. Huang: Visualizing graphene based sheets by fluorescence quenching microscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 260–267 (2010).
A.C. Ferrari, J.C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, S. Piscanec, D. Jiang, K.S. Novoselov, S. Roth, and A.K. Geim: Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 187401 (2006).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Simões, R., Neto, V. Graphene oxide nanocomposites for potential wearable solar cells—A review. Journal of Materials Research 31, 1633–1647 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2016.203
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2016.203