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Prokaryotic Symbionts of Ciliates

  • Chapter
The Prokaryotes

Abstract

Prokaryotes living in ciliates were first noticed over a century ago by J. Müller (1856). Rod-shaped structures were observed in the macro-nuclei and micronuclei of a number of ciliates, and less commonly, in their cytoplasm. In the beginning, it was not clear whether they were parasites or spermatozoa because the micronucleus was considered to be a testis and the macronucleus an ovary, while chromosome filaments and endonuclear symbionts were mistaken for spermatozoa. This view was corrected by Bütschli (1876), who also wrote the first review on parasites in ciliates (Bütschli, 1889). Accounts of early observations of bacteria in protozoa that followed this initial period were reviewed by Kirby (1941), Wichterman (1953), and Ball (1969).

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Authors
  1. Klaus Heckmann
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  2. Hans-Dieter Görtz
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Emory University, 105 Bay Colt Road, 30201, Alpharetta, GA, USA

    Albert Balows

  2. Institute for Microbiology, University of Bonn, D-5300, Bonn 1, Germany

    Hans G. Trüper

  3. Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Martin Dworkin

  4. TNO Institute of Environmental Sciences, 2600 AE, Delft, The Netherlands

    Wim Harder

  5. Department of Microbiology, Technical University, D-8000, Munich 2, Germany

    Karl-Heinz Schleifer

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Heckmann, K., Görtz, HD. (1992). Prokaryotic Symbionts of Ciliates. In: Balows, A., Trüper, H.G., Dworkin, M., Harder, W., Schleifer, KH. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2191-1_52

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