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Phylogenomics of pike cichlids (Cichlidae: Crenicichla) of the C. mandelburgeri species complex: rapid ecological speciation in the Iguazú River and high endemism in the Middle Paraná basin

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Abstract

The Crenicichla mandelburgeri species complex from the Middle Paraná basin is a diverse group of cichlid species and contains all known ecomorphs found within the entire genus Crenicichla. Here, we study the phylogenetic relationships within the C. mandelburgeri species complex using ddRAD sequencing with focus on its two candidate species flocks endemic to the Iguazú and Urugua-í Rivers, and on two putative sympatric species in the Piray Guazú River. These species flocks include four and three syntopic species, respectively, which are strongly adapted to different trophic niches and include derived ecomorphs of Crenicichla (molluscivores, a periphyton grazer, and a crevice-feeding thick-lipped invertivore). Our phylogenomic analyses strongly support monophyly and rapid diversification of the Iguazú species flock, but reveal more complex evolutionary histories in the Urugua-í and Piray Guazú tributaries. Most species in the Middle Paraná, including one species in the Urugua-í and both species in the Piray Guazú show cytonuclear discordance, and in both of these tributaries, we also found hybridization in one of the resident species. Population-level analyses reveal complete isolation of the Iguazú species and coupled with their dramatic ecological diversity, this radiation exemplifies characteristics of a species flock that arose via ecological speciation.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Štěpánka Říčanová, Radka Piálková, Lukáš Drag, and Jan Štefka, all from the University of South Bohemia, and Yamila P. Cardoso from Universidad Nacional de La Plata for their kind help and assistance during field expeditions. We also thank Administración de Parques Nacionales and Ministerio de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Renovables de la provincia de Misiones for permissions to collect samples (Nos. NEA328 rnv3 and Res: 509/07, respectively). We are very grateful to Vladimír Beneš, Bianka Baying, and the EMBL Genomic Core Facility in Heidelberg (Germany) for their kind advice and technical support during the DNA library finalization and Illumina sequencing. The access to computing and storage facilities owned by parties and projects contributing to the National Grid Infrastructure MetaCentrum provided under the program “Projects of Large Infrastructure for Research, Development, and Innovations” (LM2010005) was highly appreciated as well as the access to the CERIT-SC computing and storage facilities provided under the program Center CERIT Scientific Cloud, part of the Operational Program Research and Development for Innovations, Reg. No. CZ. 1.05/3.2.00/08.0144. Financial support was provided by the GAČR 14-28518P Grant of the Czech Science Foundation to L.P. and by Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (UNLP), and Administración de Parques Nacionales.

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Guest editors: S. Koblmüller, R. C. Albertson, M. J. Genner, K. M. Sefc & T. Takahashi / Advances in Cichlid Research III: Behavior, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

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Piálek, L., Burress, E., Dragová, K. et al. Phylogenomics of pike cichlids (Cichlidae: Crenicichla) of the C. mandelburgeri species complex: rapid ecological speciation in the Iguazú River and high endemism in the Middle Paraná basin. Hydrobiologia 832, 355–375 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3733-6

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