Abstract
We present a new model on the impact of terrorism on the Deglobalization process. The channels are faster poverty expansion, largest flows of refugees, expansion of trade protectionism, and last but not least, the dramatic expansion of economic desgrowth. This new model is entitled “The Deglobalization Global Evaluation Model (DGE-Model)”. The objective of the DGE-Model is to offer policy-makers and researchers a new analytical tool to study the impact of terrorism on the Deglobalization process of Muslim countries. The applicability of the DGE-Model is not limited to a specific group of Muslim countries or regions, nor is it constrained by the development stage. In short, the DGE-Model is a simple, flexible and versatile tool to study the link between terrorism and Deglobalization. Finally, we apply the DGE-Model to three Muslim countries, namely Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Our sample period is 1999–2018, a period which witnessed acceleration of Deglobalization and expansion of terrorism in those three countries.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abu-Ismail, K., Abdel-Gadir, A., El-Laithy, H.: Poverty and inequality in Syria (1997–2007). UNDP, Arab Development Challenges Report, p 15 (2011)
Cardoso, E.: Inflation and poverty (No. w4006). National Bureau of Economic Research (1992)
Corcoran, M., Hill, M.S.: Unemployment and poverty. Soc. Serv. Rev. 54(3), 407–413 (1980)
De Crombrugghe, D., Bluhm, R., Fosu, A.: Income inequality and poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa (2016). https://doi.org/10.2841/101589. https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/913d9058-b864-11e6-9e3c-01aa75ed71a1. Accessed 31 Oct 18
Dollar, D., Kraay, A.: Growth is good for the poor. J. Econ. Growth 7(3), 195–225 (2002)
Easterly, W., Fischer, S.: Inflation and the poor. J. Money Credit Bank. 160–178 (2001)
FAO: Gender differences in the transitional economy of Vietnam, ISBN 974-7946-21-1 (2002). http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac685e/ac685e00.htm#Contents. Accessed on 30 Oct 2018
Feldstein, M.: Income inequality and poverty (No. w6770). National Bureau of Economic Research (1998)
Global Terrorism Index (2014). Available at http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/
Global Terrorism Index (2017). Available at http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/
IAU: Iraq Labour Force Analysis 2003–2008. Inter-Agency Information and Analysis-Unit (2009). http://www.unglobalpulse.org/sites/default/files/reports/OCHAIAU%20LabourForceImpactsIraq%202009.pdf. Accessed on 17 Nov 2018
Karnani, A.: Reducing poverty through employment. Innov. Technol. Gov. Glob. 6(2), 73–97 (2011)
Khan, A.: Economic Causes and Consequences of Terrorism: A Study of Four Islamic Countries (Ph.D. Thesis), Faculty of Economics & Administration (FEA), University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2017). https://www.mercycorps.org/articles/iraq-jordan-lebanon-syria-turkey/quick-facts-what-you-need-know-about-syria-crisis
Keeton, G.: Inequality in South Africa. J. Helen Suzman Found. 74, 26–31 (2014)
Nasser, R., Mehchy, Z., Abu Ismail, K.: Socioeconomic roots and impacts of the Syrian crisis. Syrian Centre for Policy Research. Syrian Centre Policy Res., Damascus (2013)
Naschold, F.: Why inequality matters for poverty. ODI Inequal. Brief. Paper, 2 (2002)
Nel, P. (2018). Inequality in Africa. Handb. Afr. Develop. 90
Neumark, D., Wascher, W.: Do minimum wages fight poverty? Econ. Inq. 40(3), 315–333 (2002)
Ravallion, M.: Income inequality in the developing world. Science 344(6186), 851–855 (2014)
Ruiz Estrada, M.A.: Policy modeling: definition, classification and evaluation. J. Policy Model. 33(3), 523–536 (2011)
Ruiz Estrada, M.A., Khan, A., Park, D.: The economic cost of the Islamic state on the Syrian and Iraqi economies. Qual. Quant. 52(4), 1707–1730 (2017a)
Ruiz Estrada, M.A., Park, D., Tahir, M., Khan, A.: How does terrorism affect the international trade of Muslims countries? Qual. Quant. 52(5), 2255–2268 (2017b)
Ruiz Estrada, M.A., Park, D.: The past, present and future of policy modeling. J. Policy Model. 40(1), 1–15 (2018)
Sembene, D.: Poverty, growth, and inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: did the walk match the talk under the PRSP approach? 15(122), 1–37 (2015)
Saunders, P.: The direct and indirect effects of unemployment on poverty and inequality. Aust. J. Labour Econ. 5(4), 507 (2002)
Shrestha, M.B., Chaudhary, S.K.: The impact of food inflation on poverty in Nepal. NBR Econ. Rev. (2012)
Smith, R.E., Vavrichek, B.: The minimum wage: its relation to incomes and poverty. Mon. Lab. Rev. 110, 24 (1987)
Stanford University (2016). Available http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgibin/maps/view/paistan_un
Singh, D.: Explaining varieties of corruption in the Afghan Justice Sector. J. Interv. State Build. 9(2), 231–255 (2015)
Sassoon, J.: Economic Lessons from Iraq for Countries of the Arab Spring. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (2012). https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Economic%20Lessons%20from%20Iraq_0.pdf
UNHCR Report (2016). Available at http://www.unhcr.org/iraq-emergency.html
United Nations (2010). Human Rights Dimension of Poverty in Afghanistan. http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4bbc313d2.pdf. Accessed on 15-11-2018
World Bank (2015). An Analysis of National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (NRVA) 2007/08 and 2011/12. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/594051468180880731/pdf/100638-v2-WP-P145128-PUBLIC-Box393238B-Poverty-Status-Update-Report.pdf. Accessed on 16/11/2018
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ruiz Estrada, M.A., Park, D., Khan, A. et al. Is terrorism, poverty, and refugees the dark side of globalization?. Qual Quant 53, 1823–1835 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-019-00839-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-019-00839-z